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4 Signals Ans Systems in The Time Domain

The document discusses the impulse and step responses of discrete-time systems, defining impulse response as the system's reaction to a unit sample sequence and step response to a unit step sequence. It explains how to compute the output of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system using the impulse response and provides examples of calculating impulse responses for different systems. The document also introduces the convolution sum, a mathematical representation of the output in terms of the input and impulse response, along with its properties.

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4 views16 pages

4 Signals Ans Systems in The Time Domain

The document discusses the impulse and step responses of discrete-time systems, defining impulse response as the system's reaction to a unit sample sequence and step response to a unit step sequence. It explains how to compute the output of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system using the impulse response and provides examples of calculating impulse responses for different systems. The document also introduces the convolution sum, a mathematical representation of the output in terms of the input and impulse response, along with its properties.

Uploaded by

ryanhazo47
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Impulse and Step Responses

• The response of a discrete-time system to a unit


sample sequence {[n]} is called the unit sample
response or simply, the impulse response, and is
denoted by {h[n]}
• The response of a discrete-time system to a unit step
sequence {[n]} is called the unit step response or
simply, the step response, and is denoted by {s[n]}
Note: Impulse response of a system is the response/reaction of a system to a single pulse of infinitely small
duration and unit energy (output of a system when the input is an impulse)
Impulse Response
• Example - The impulse response of the system
y[n] 1x[n]   2 x[n  1]   3 x[n  2]   4 x[n  3]
is obtained by setting x[n] = [n] resulting in
h[n] 1 [n]   2 [n  1]   3 [n  2]   4 [n  3]

• The impulse response is thus a finite-length


sequence of length 4 given by
{h[n]} {1,  2 ,  3 ,  4}

Impulse Response
• Example - The impulse response {h[n]} of the
factor-of-2 interpolator
1
y[n] xu [n]  ( xu [n  1]  xu [n  1])
2
is obtained by setting xu [n]  [n] and is given
by
1
h[n]  [n]  ( [n  1]   [n  1])
2
• The impulse response is thus a finite-length
sequence of length 3:
{h[n]} {0.5, 1 0.5}
 Copyright © 2001, S. K. Mitra
Impulse Response
• Example - The impulse response of the
discrete-time accumulator
n
y[n]   x[]

is obtained by setting x[n] = [n] resulting in
n
h[n]    [] [n]

Time-Domain Characterization of
LTI Discrete-Time System
• Input-Output Relationship -
A consequence of the linear, time-invariance
property is that an LTI discrete-time system is
completely characterized by its impulse
response
• Knowing the impulse response one can
compute the output of the system for any
arbitrary input
Time-Domain Characterization of
LTI Discrete-Time System
• Let h[n] denote the impulse response of a LTI
discrete-time system
• We compute its output y[n] for the input:
x[n] 0.5 [n  2]  1.5 [n  1]   [n  2]  0.75 [n  5]
• As the system is linear, we can compute its
outputs for each member of the input separately
and add the individual outputs to determine y[n]

Copyright © 2001, S. K. Mitra


Time-Domain Characterization of
LTI Discrete-Time System
• Since the system is time-invariant
input output
 [n  2]  h[n  2]
 [n  1]  h[n  1]
 [n  2]  h[n  2]
 [n  5]  h[n  5]
Time-Domain Characterization of
LTI Discrete-Time System
• Likewise, as the system is linear
input output
0.5 [n  2]  0.5h[n  2]
1.5 [n  1]  1.5h[n  1]
  [n  2]   h[n  2]
0.75 [n  5]  0.75h[n  5]
• Hence because of the linearity property we get
y[n] 0.5h[n  2]  1.5h[n  1]
 h[n  2]  0.75h[n  5]
Time-Domain Characterization of
LTI Discrete-Time System
• Now, any arbitrary input sequence x[n] can be
expressed as a linear combination of delayed and
advanced unit sample sequences in the form

x[n]   x[k ] [n  k]
k 
• The response of the LTI system to an input
will be
x[k ] [n  k ] x[k ] h[n  k ]
Time-Domain Characterization of
LTI Discrete-Time System
• Hence, the response y[n] to an input

x[n]   x[k ] [n  k]
k 
will be 
y[n]   x[k ] h[n  k ]
k 
which can be alternately written as

y[n]   x[n  k ] h[k ]
k 
Convolution Sum
• The summation
 
y[n ]   x[k] h[n  k]   x[n  k] h[k]
k  k 

is called the convolution sum of the sequences


x[n] and h[n] and represented compactly as

y[n] = x[n] * h[n]


Convolution Sum
• Properties -
• Commutative property:
x[n] * h[n] = h[n] * x[n]
• Associative property :
(x[n] * h[n]) * y[n] = x[n] * (h[n] * y[n])
• Distributive property :
x[n] * (h[n] + y[n]) = x[n] * h[n] + x[n] * y[n]

y[n]   x[k ] h[n  k ]
k 
Convolution Sum
• Interpretation -
• 1) Time-reverse h[k] to form h[ k ]
• 2) Shift h[ k ] to the right by n sampling periods
if n > 0 to obtain h( n  k )
• 3) Form the product v[k ] x[k ]h[n  k ]
• 4) Sum all samples of v[k] to develop the n-th
sample of y[n] of the convolution sum
Time-Domain Characterization of
LTI Discrete-Time System
• Example - Develop the sequence y[n] generated
by the convolution of the sequences x[n] and
h[n] shown below
Time-Domain Characterization of LTI
Discrete-Time System

y[ n ]   x [ k ] h[ n  k]
k  
Time-Domain Characterization of
LTI Discrete-Time System

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