HUMAN

BEHAVIOR AND
VICTIMOLOGY
Topics:
 Concepts And Principles Of Human
Behavior
 Factors That Affects Human Behavior
 Motivation Of Human Behavior
 Causes And Conflicts Of Human
Behavior
 Abnormal Behaviors
 Goals and Objectives of
Studying Human Behavior
 1. To describe behavior whether normal and
acceptable norms or its abnormal and a deviant
behavior.
 2. To identify factors that can predict behavior,
e.g. depressed, unrealistic and unreasonable.
 3. To understand and explain by identifying
causes that bring about certain effects, assemble
them which are common facts or gather facts
and define principles.
 4. To control and change behavior as a result of
the prediction.
 Concepts And Principles Of Human
Behavior

 What is Human Behavior?

 is the collection of behaviors exhibited by
human beings and influenced by culture,
society, values, morals, ethics and genetics.
 In the field of Criminology, the study of
human behavior is significant in order to
discover recurrent patterns and to formulate
rules about man's social behavior.
What is Human
Development
 the process of enlarging people's
freedoms and opportunities and
improving their well-being.
 Human development is about the
real freedom ordinary people have
to decide who to be, what to do, and
how to live. The human
development concept was
developed by economist
 Four Pillars of Human
Development
 Equity- Making equal access to
opportunities available to everybody

 Productivity- Continuity in the availability

of opportunities.

 Empowerment- Human labour productivity

or productivity in terms of human work.
 Sustainability-To have the power to make
choices.
 Theories of Child
(human)Development
Personality Theory
A. Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)

ID- is what drives our needs and desires,

and the superego strives for morality and
perfection.
EGO- is the mediator between the two that
tries to fulfill the needs of the id.
Superego- while accounting for the
demands of reality.
 Level Awareness
 The Conscious Level- consist of sensation
and experience you are aware of given
moment of time.
 The Preconscious Level- Domain is
something called “available memory”
 The Unconscious Level- the deepest and
major stratum of the human mind and
the storehouse for primitive instinctual
drives plus emotion and memories that
threatening to the conscious mind.
Freud’s Model of Personality
 Oral Stage (0-18 months)
 During this time, an infant gets most of
their pleasure from their mouth. This is
associated with behaviors like eating and
thumb-sucking. Freud believed an infant
can develop oral fixation if their oral
needs aren't met.
 Anal Stage (18 months-
3yrs)
 in Freudian psychology, is the period of
human development occurring at about
one to three years of age.
 Around this age, the child begins to toilet
train, which brings about the child's
fascination in the erogenous zone of the
anus. The erogenous zone is focused on
the bowel and bladder control.
Phallic Stage (3-6)
 is primarily focused on identifying with
the same-sex parent. Freud suggested
that fixations at this point could lead to
adult personalities that are overly vain,
exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive.
At this stage, boys may develop what
Freud referred to as an Oedipus complex.
 Oedipus Complex- This refer to an
instance where in boys build up a warm
and loving relationship with mothers
( mommy’s boy)

 Electra Complex- This refers to an

occasion where in girls experience an
intense emotional attachment for their
fathers ( daddy’s girl)
 Latency Stage (6-11yrs)
 Freud described the time between when children are
six through puberty as the latent period, when the id
is suppressed by the ego. He characterized this stage
as the child relating to the community by adopting
values, developing social skills, and forming
relationships with people outside the immediate
family. The ego and superego play a significant role in
this phase, directing sexual energy towards different
outlets. Hobbies, school activities, and learning all
take center stage. Freud believed that this is when
children develop the strongest relationships with
others of the same sex, focus their energies on these
friendships, and acquire new knowledge and
experiences.
 Genital stage
In his theory’s fifth and final psychosexual stage, Freud
believed the genital stage starts at the onset of puberty
and continues on into adulthood.

Freud believed that with the start of puberty comes a

reawakened, active libido and sexual attraction. Freud
theorized that as opposed to the phallic stage, which was
focused on self-pleasure, the pleasure during the genital
stage is focused on heterosexual pleasure. Freud believed
that the proper expression of sexual instinct was through
heterosexual relationships and sexual intercourse. By
extension, if fixation or conflict developed during this or
an earlier stage, Freud thought perversions might develop,
preventing those sexual relationships. Someone fixated on
the oral stage, for example, would find more pleasure in
kissing and oral sex than through intercourse.
1. Oral (0-18 months) Pleasure centers on the
mouth (sucking, biting,
chewing).
2. Anal (18-36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and
bladder elimination coping with
demands for control.

3. Phallic (3-6 months) Pleasure zone is the genitals

coping with incestuous feelings

4. Latency (6 years to puberty) A phase of dormant sexual

feelings.
5. Genital (puberty on ) Maturation of sexual interest.
 Trait Theory
 Trait approach identifies where a person
might lie along a continuum of various
personality characteristics.
 Trait theories attempt to learn and
explain the traits that make up
personality .

Trait- refers to the characteristics of an

individual, describing a habitual way of
behaving thinking and feeling.
 Kinds of Traits by All port
 1. Common Traits- These are personality
traits that are shared by most members of
particular culture.
 2. Individual Traits- These are personality traits
that define a persons unique individual qualities.
 3. Cardinal Traits- These are personality traits
that are so basic that all persons activities relate
to it.
 4. Central Traits- These are the core traits that
characterize and individual personality.
 5. Secondary Traits- These are traits that are
inconsistent or relatively superficial.
 Kind of Traits by Goldberg
(Big Five or Five Factor Theory)
 1.Extraversion – This dimension contrasts such traits as
sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, persuasive,
decisive, and active.
 2. Neuroticism – People high on neuroticism are prone to
emotional instability.
 3. Conscientiousness – This factors differentiates
individuals who are dependable, organize, reliable,
thorough, hardworking.
 4. Agreeableness – this factors is composed of a
collection of traits that range from compassion to
antagonism towards others.
 5. Openness to Experience – this factor contrasts
individuals who are imaginative, curious, broad-minded,
and cultured with those who are concrete-minded and
practical, and whose interests are narrow.
Personal Traits by Eysenck
 1. Extrovert – It refers to a person that is
sociable, out-going, and active.
 2. Introvert – It refers to a person that is
withdraw, quiet, and introspective.
 3. Emotionally Unstable – It is a trait that
is being anxious, excitable, and easily
disturbed.
Eysenck Theory
 Criminality and antisocial behavior are both
positively and causally related to high levels of
psychoticism, extroversion and neuroticism.

 The theory says that is in extroverts and

possibly also in people high on the psychoticism
scale, biologically determined low degree of
arousal and arousability lead to impulsive, risk-
taking and sensation-seeking behavior that
increase the level of cortical (brain) arousal to a
more acceptable and enjoyable amount.
 What is Temperament
 Refers to the fundamental
groundwork of character,
generally presumed to be
bioligically determined and
existent early ib life, inclusive of
traits like emotional
reactiveness, energy level,
reaction tempo and motivation
to explore.
 Four Types of
Temperament
 Melancholic- Sad,
Gloomy
 Choleric- Hot-Tempered,
Irritable
 Phlegmatic- Sluggish,
Calm
 Sanguine- Cheerful,
 Psychological Studies in Relation
to Crime and Delinquency
 1. August Aichorn- an advocate of the
idea that there was a distinction between
manifest and latent delinquency, and
believed that arrested development in
youth was a precursor to antisocial
behavior. He also believed that this
situation was caused by disturbances in
early child-parent relationships.
 2. Cyril Burt (Young Delinquent, 1925)-
gives the theory of General Emotionality.
According to him many offenses can be
traced to either in excess or a deficiency of
a particular instinct which accounts for the
tendency of many criminals to be weak
 3. William Healy- (Individual Delinquency,
1916)
 He claimed that crime is an expression of the
mental content of the individual. Frustration of
the individual causes emotional discomfort,
personality demands removal of pain and pain is
eliminated by substitute behavior that is crime
delinquency of the individual.

4.Walter Bromberg(Crime and Mind,
1946)
 He said that criminality is the result of emotional
immaturity.
 Human Behavior also;
 Is a sub-field of general psychology
where criminal behavior is only, in
part by which phenomena
psychologists choose to study. It
may be defined as the study of
criminal behavior, the study of
criminal conduct and activities in an
attempt to discover recurrent
patterns and to formulate rules
about his behavior.
 Each individual is unique by themselves.
Then one has to understand that each
individual has to be taken care of as a
whole person by taking care of. his needs
as well as training and making him up to
date in terms of work. Ultimately human
beings have to be treated with respect
only then you can expect effective
performance. With the following
descriptions you will be able to
understand the concept better.
Dan's analyses
the nature of
people in terms
of four
assumptions.
 Individual Differences

 Behavior is the result of interaction

between individual characteristics and
the characteristics of the environment in
which the behavior occurs. Each person
has a unique combination of
characteristics. Some of these
characteristics are present from birth;
others develop over time. These can be
called as inherited and learned
characteristics. Although there are some
inherited
 A Whole Person

 When an employee works

in an organisation, the
organisation takes care of
that person by making
him effective, as a worker
and as a person
Caused Behavior (Motivation)
 People's behavior is need based. By
fulfilling these needs he is motivated
positively and there occurs effective
performance. So the management in the
organization has to take care of these
needs in order to have an effective
performance. The management can show
them how certain actions will increase
their need fulfillment and if not; how it
decreases their need fulfillment.
 Value of the Person (Human Dignity)

 People have to be treated with

respect and as individuals and they
can not be treated like machines as
how scientific management use to
treat them. By recognising them
and treating them with uniqueness
the value of the person gets
increased. By this we can
understand how the concept of
treating human beings from
 If one accepts the fact that human skill
development is necessary then managers
and leaders must have necessary
understanding in order to influence the
behavior of other people. It was felt that
the managers acquire three levels of
expertise. Firstly they have to understand
the past and current behavior, so that
they are able to predict behavior and
than they learn to direct change, and
control behavior
 Classification of Human
Behavior
 Normal Behavior (adaptive or
adjusted behavior)

The standard behavior,
the totality accepted
behavior because they follow
the standard norms of
society.
 Abnormal Behavior
(maladaptive/maladjusted behavior)
 A group of behaviors that are deviant from
social expectations because they go against the
norms or standard behavior of society
 Abnormal behavior according to deviation of
statistical norms based in statistical frequency:
Many characteristics such as weight, height, an
intelligence cover a range of values when,
measured over a population. For instance, a
person who is extremely intelligent or extremely
happy would be classified as abnormal.
 Abnormal behavior according to
deviation from social norms:
 A behavior that deprives from
the accepted norms of society is
considered abnormal. However, it is
primarily dependent on the existing
norm of such society.
 Behavior as maladaptive:
 Maladaptive behavior is the
effect of a well being of the
individual and or the social
group. That some kind of
deviant behavior interferes with
the welfare of the individual
such as a man who fears crowd
can’t ride a bus. This means
that a person cannot adopt
 Models of Human
Behaviour
 Psychoanalytic Model: Freudian
approach depends on conflict model of
humans. By using clinical techniques of
free association and psychotherapy Freud
felt that behavior is not always
consciously explained. "Unconscious" is
the major factor which guides the
individual's behavior.
 Freud felt that the individual's behaviour
depends on three factors: (i) id, (ii) Ego
and (iii) Super ego.
 Id: By Id it means pleasure. To certain
degree of having Id in an individual is
constructive but may also lead to
destructive tendencies like being
aggressive, dominating, fighting and
generally destroy. This kind of instinctive
is more dominating in childhood. But
once individuals develop and mature they
learn to control the id. But it is always
unconscious. Throughout life the `id'
becomes important source of thinking
and behaving.
 Ego: Ego represents
`conscious' stage in one's
behavior. Though Id
comes in conflict with
ego, the ego depends on
the super ego.
 Superego: It represents
"conscience". An individual is not
aware of the superego's functioning.
The conscience is dependent on two
factors that is cultural values and
moral of a society. Superego's
development depends mostly on
parent's influence. Once the child
grows up the child will
unconsciously identifies with
 Existential Model:
 This model is not scientifically based. It's base is
literature and philosophy.
 The existentialists believe that the depersonalising
effects of this environment forces individuals to make
their own destiny. So the individuals shape their own
identity and make their "existence" meaningful and
worthwhile to themselves.
 This is more true and happening in today's urbanisation.
Because people have become so materialistic and busy,
they do not have time for traditional values and norms
and it becomes impractical sometimes to follow them.
Existential model is, especially true when you are
employed in today's world.
 Though this model is not scientific it can be definitely be
used in understanding human behavior.
 Internal vs. External Determinants of
Behavior
Environment plays a major role in shaping behavior
and genetic endowment and personality
development is influenced by our historical heritage.

 Personality vs the Environment

Both personality and situational variables must be
taken into account in order to explain an individual's
behavior but a focus on the environment is as
important or perhaps slightly more important than
focusing on personality traits.
 Cognition vs the Environment
To understand one's behavior
all we have to know is the
individual's past responses to
similar (stimulus) situations and
the rewards or punishments that
followed that response.
 KINDS OF BEHAVIOR
 Overt or Covert Behavior - Behaviours
that are outwardly manifested or those
that are directly observable are overt
behaviours. On the other hand, covert
behavior is behaviours that are hidden –
not visible to the naked eye.

 Conscious or Unconscious Behavior -

Behavior is conscious when acts are with
in the level of awareness. It is
unconscious when acts are embedded in
one’s subconscious – unaware
 . Simple or Complex Behavior - These are acts
categorized according to the number of neurons
involved in the process of behaving. Simple
behavior involves less number of neurons while
complex behavior involved more number of
neurons, a combination of simple behaviours.

 4. Rational or Irrational Behavior - There is

rational behavior when a person acted with sanity
or reason and there is irrational behavior when the
person acted with no apparent reason or
explanation – as when a man loses his sanity and
laugh out loud at nobody or nothing in particular.
 Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior -
Voluntary behavior is an act done
with full volition or will such as when
we discriminate, decide or choose
while involuntary behaviours refers
the bodily processes that foes on
even when we are awake or asleep
like respiration, circulation and
digestion.
 Aspect of Behavior
Intellectual Aspect – this aspect of
behavior pertains to our way of thinking,
reasoning, solving, problem, processing info
and coping with the environment.

Emotional Aspect – this pertains to our

feelings, moods, temper, and strong
motivational force.

Social Aspect – this pertains to how we

interact or relate with other people
 Moral Aspect – this refers to our
conscience and concept on what is good
or bad.

 Psychosexual Aspect - this pertains to

our being a man or a woman and the
expression of love

 Political Aspect – this pertains to our

ideology towards society/government
 Value/Attitude – this pertains to our
interest towards something, our likes and
dislikes
Determinants of Behavior
 Heredity (Biological Factors) - This
refers to the genetic influences,
those that are explained by
heredity, the characteristics of a
person acquired from birth
transferred from one generation to
another. It explains that certain
emotional aggression, our
intelligence, ability and potentials
and our physical appearance are
Environmental Factors (Socio-
Cultural Influences)
 Family Background – it is a
basic consideration because
it is in the family whereby an
individual first experiences
how to relate and interact
with another.
 Pathogenic Family
Structure
 The inadequate family – characterized
by the inability to cope with the ordinary
problems of family living. It lacks the
resources, physical of psychological, for
meeting the demands of family
satisfaction.
 The anti-social family – those that
espouses unacceptable values as a result
of the influence of parents to their
children.
 The discordant/disturbed family –
characterized by non-satisfaction of one or
both parent from the relationship that may
express feeling of frustration. This is usually
due to value differences as common
sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.

 The disrupted family – characterized by

incompleteness whether as a result of
death, divorce, separation or some other
circumstances.