HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Introduction to Computing
Generation of Computers –
Computer Fundamentals
• Generations of Computer: The modern computer
took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had
been around the 16th century when the
evolution of the computer started. The initial
computer faced many changes, obviously for the
betterment. It continuously improved itself in
terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge
the form of the fashionable day computer.
AGENDA
• Basic Terms Related to
Computers
• Phases of Computer
Generations
• Short Quiz
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
• Vacuum Tube Unit (CPU)
• Transistor • Magnetic Drum
• Integrated Circuit • Machine Language
(IC) • Memory
• Microprocessors
• Artificial
• Central Processing Intelligence
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
• Vacuum Tube
• Vacuum tubes have the
functionality of controlling the
flow of electronics in a vacuum.
Generally, it is used in switches,
amplifiers, radios, televisions,
etc.
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
•Transistor
•A transistor helps in
controlling the flow of
electricity in devices, it
works as an amplifier or a
switch.
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
•Integrated Circuit (IC)
•Integrated circuits are
silicon chips that contain
their circuit elements like
transistors, resistors, etc.
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
•Micro Processors
•Microprocessors are the
components that contain
the CPU and its circuits
and are present in the
Integrated Circuit.
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
•Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
•The CPU is called the brain
of the computer. CPU
performs processing and
operations work.
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
•Magnetic Drum
•Magnetic Drum is like a
cylinder that stores data
and cylinder.
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
•Magnetic Core
•Magnetic cores are used to
store information. These
are arrays of small rings.
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
•Machine Language
• Machine Language is the
language that a computer
accepts (in the form of binary
digits). It is also called low-
level programming language.
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
•Memory
•Memory is used to store
data, information, and
program in a computer.
Basic Terms Related
to Computers
•Artificial Intelligence
•Artificial Intelligence deals
with creating intelligent
machines and behaviors.
Phases of Computer
Generations

•This long period is often

conveniently divided into
the subsequent phases
called computer
generations.
Phases of Computer
Generations
• First Generati ration Compu
on Computer ters (1956-19
s (1940-1956 63)
) • Third Genera
• Second Gene tion Compute
rs (1964-197
1)
Phases of Computer
Generations
•Before the generation of computers,
we used calculators, spreadsheets,
and computer algebra systems,
mathematicians and inventors
searched for solutions to ease the
burden of calculation.
Phases of Computer
Generations
8 Mechanical
Calculators
1.Abacus (ca. 2700 BC) 5.Comptometer (1887)
2.Pascal’s Calculator and Comptograph
(1652) (1889)
3.Stepped Reckoner 6.The Difference Engine
(1694) (1822)
4.Arithmometer (1820) 7.Analytical Engine (1834)
8.The Millionaire (1893)
Phases of Computer
Generations
1.Abacus (ca. 2700
BC)abacus is like a
An
manual calculator with
sliding beads to represent
numbers. It has rows or
columns of beads that
represent the digits of
your number. You'll have a
ones place, a tens place,
a hundreds place, a
Phases of Computer
Generations
2.Pascal’s Calculator
(1652) calculator (also
Pascal's
known as the arithmetic
machine or Pascaline) is
a mechanical
calculator invented by Blaise
Pascal in 1642. Pascal was led
to develop a calculator by the
laborious arithmetical
calculations required by his
 Phases of Computer
Generations
3.Stepped Reckoner
(1694)
The stepped reckoner or Leibniz
calculator was a mechanical
calculator invented by the
German mathematician
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
around 1672 and completed in
1694. The name comes from
the translation of the German
term for its operating
Phases of Computer
Generations
4.Arithmometer (1820)
Charles X Thomas de Colmar
invented his 'arithmometer' in
1820, which became the first
commercially
successful calculating
machine in the 1860s. It could
be used for addition,
subtraction, division and
mulitiplication. The
Phases of Computer
Generations
5.Comptometer (1887)
Besides being an incredibly
fun word to say, the
comptometer was the first
commercially
successful mechanical
calculator, patented in 1887.
Beginning with 'Model A' each
design introduced new and
improved features to make
 Phases of Computer
Generations
6.The Difference Engine
(1822)
Babbage approached the project very seriously:
he hired a master machinist, set up a fireproof
workshop, and built a dustproof environment for
testing the device. Up until then calculations
were rarely carried out to more than 6 digits;
Babbage planned to produce 20- or 30-digit
results routinely. The Difference Engine was a
digital device: it operated on discrete digits
rather than smooth quantities, and the digits
were decimal (0–9), represented by positions on
toothed wheels, rather than the binary digits
(“bits”) that the German mathematician-
philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz had
favoured (but did not use) in his Step Reckoner.
When one of the toothed wheels turned from 9
to 0, it caused the next wheel to advance one
 Phases of Computer
Generations
7.Analytical Engine
(1834)
The Analytical Engine was to
be a general-purpose, fully
program-controlled, automatic
mechanical digital computer. It
would be able to perform any
calculation set before it. There
is no evidence that anyone
before Babbage had ever
conceived of such a device, let
 Phases of Computer
Generations
8.The Millionaire
(1893)
The Millionaire mechanism was developed
during the early 1890s by Otto Steiger, a
Swiss citizen living in Munich. His German
Patent 72870 of 1892 describes a machine
which uses a mechanical representation of
the multiplication table to form partial
products, in the same way that a human
"calculator" uses a multiplication table
committed to memory. The partial products
are then transferred via a "transmitting
mechanism" to a "combining and registering
mechanism" for display to the operator.
Phases of Computer
Generations
First Generation
Computers
1.The technology behind the primary generation computers was a
fragile glass device, which was called a vacuum tube. These
computers were very heavy and really large. These weren’t very
reliable and programming on them was a tedious task as they
used low-level programming language and used no OS. First-
generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and
control purpose. They were too bulky and large that they needed
a full room and consume a lot of electricity. Punch cards were
used for improving the information for external storage. Magnetic
card used . Machine and assembly language is developed.
Phases of Computer
Generations
First Generation
Computers
1.ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer,
built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly was a
general-purpose computer. It had been cumbersome,
and large, and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
2.EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer was designed by von Neumann. It could
store data also as instruction and thus the speed was
enhanced.
Phases of Computer
Generations
First Generation
Computers
3. UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was
developed in 1952 by Eckert and Mauchly.
Phases of Computer
Generations
First Generation
Computers
Phases of Computer
Generations
Second Generation Computers
Second-generation computers used the technology of transistors
rather than bulky vacuum tubes. Another feature was the core
storage. A transistor may be a device composed of semiconductor
material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.
Transistors were invented in Bell Labs. The use of transistors
made it possible to perform powerfully and with due speed. It
reduced the dimensions and price and thankfully the warmth too,
which was generated by vacuum tubes. Central Processing Unit
(CPU), memory, programming language, and input, and output
units also came into the force within the second generation.
Phases of Computer
Generations
Second Generation Computers
The programming language was shifted from high level to
programming language and made programming
comparatively a simple task for programmers. Languages
used for programming during this era were FORTRAN
(1956), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959).
Phases of Computer
Generations
Second Generation
Computers
Phases of Computer
Generations
Third Generation Computers
During the third generation, technology envisaged a shift from
huge transistors to integrated circuits, also referred to as IC. Here
a variety of transistors were placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors. The most feature of this era’s computer was
speed and reliability. IC was made from silicon and also called
silicon chips.
The computer programs was designed to make the machine work.
Operating system was a program designed to handle a machine
completely. Because of the operating system machine could
execute multiple jobs simultaneously. Integrated circuits were used
Phases of Computer
Generations
Third Generation Computers
A single IC has many transistors, registers, and capacitors
built on one thin slice of silicon. The value size was
reduced and memory space and dealing efficiency were
increased during this generation. Programming was now
wiped out Higher level languages like BASIC (Beginners
All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Minicomputers
find their shape during this era.
Phases of Computer
Generations
Third Generation
Computers
Phases of Computer
Generations
Fourth Generation Computers
In 1971 First microprocessors were used, the large-scale of integration LSI
circuits built on one chip called microprocessors. The advantage of this
technology is that one microprocessor can contain all the circuits required to
perform arithmetic, logic, and control functions on one chip. LSI placed
thousands of transistors onto a single chip.
The computers using microchips were called microcomputers. This generation
provided even smaller size of computers, with larger capacities. That’s not
enough, then Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits replaced LSI circuits.
The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the pc
from the central processing unit and memory to input/ output controls on one
chip and allowed the dimensions to reduce drastically. VLSI placed several
hundred thousand transistors on a single silicon chip. This silicon chip is
known as the micro processor.
Phases of Computer
Generations
Fourth Generation Computers
Technologies like multiprocessing, multiprogramming,
time-sharing, operating speed, and virtual memory
made it a more user-friendly and customary device.
The concept of private computers and computer
networks came into being within the fourth generation.
Phases of Computer
Generations
Third Generation
Computers
Phases of Computer
Generations
Fifth Generation Computers
The technology behind the fifth generation of computers is AI. It
allows computers to behave like humans. It is often seen in
programs like voice recognition, area of medicine, and
entertainment. Within the field of game playing also it’s shown
remarkable performance where computers are capable of beating
human competitors.
The speed is the highest, size is the smallest and area of use has
remarkably increased within the fifth generation computers.
Though not a hundred percent AI has been achieved to date but
keeping in sight the present developments, it is often said that this
dream also will become a reality very soon.
Phases of Computer
Generations
Fifth Generation Computers
To summarize the features of varied generations of computers,
it is often said that a big improvement has been seen so far
because of the speed and accuracy of functioning care, but if
we mention the dimensions, it’s been small over the years. The
value is additionally diminishing and reliability is increasing.
Phases of Computer
Generations
Third Generation
Computers
THANK YOU!!!!!!!
QUIZ 1 ¼ sheet of paper

What are the types of

generation of computer?
 Answers:
1. First Generation (1940s-1950s):
Characterized by vacuum tubes and punched cards.
Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC.
2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s):
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, allowing
smaller and more efficient computers.
Introduction of high-level programming languages.
Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 7094.
 Answers:
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s):
Integrated circuits (ICs) replaced transistors, leading to
smaller and faster computers.
Introduction of operating systems.
Examples: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-11.
4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):
Microprocessors brought computing power to individual
users.
Introduction of personal computers.
Examples: IBM PC, Apple Macintosh.
 Answers:
5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present):
Focus on parallel processing, artificial intelligence
(AI), and natural language processing.
Development of supercomputers and expert
systems.
Ongoing advancements in AI and machine
learning.
Examples: IBM Watson, Google’s DeepMind.