Borland C++ Graphics

(Turbo C++ v. 3.0 for DOS or Borland v. 5.02 for Windows)

Mr. Dave Clausen La Caada High School

The Text Screen

The text screen contains 25 lines with a capacity of holding 80 columns of textual characters.  80 X 25 = 2,000 positions  But there are actually over 2,000 positions on a display screen.  The screen consists of pixels (picture elements) that it uses to represent the textual characters and symbols.

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Graphics Setup


There are five steps that you need to follow to use graphics in Turbo C++ 3.0 DOS:
1. Tell the compiler that graphics commands will be used. 2. Have C++ find out what kind of graphics card your computer uses. 3. Initialize the Graphics Screen 4. Tell the system where to find Borlands Graphics routines. 5. Close the graphics screen after you have finished drawing your graphics.

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Graphics Setup 2
1) To tell the compiler that graphics commands will be used, include the preprocessor directive: #include <graphics.h>  2) To have C++ find out what kind of graphics card your computer uses.


declare two variables of type Integer int graphdriver = DETECT, graphmode; I prefer that you use the following command: int graphdriver = VGA, graphmode= VGAHI;
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Graphics Setup 3
3 & 4) To initialize the graphics screen and tell the system where to find Borlands Graphics routines (BGI) use the following command in the int main( ) function:
initgraph(&graphdriver, &graphmode, C:\\bc5\\bgi);

After you are finished drawing, you need to use the getch( ); command to leave the picture on the screen (Press any key to continue...). This requires: #include <conio.h> 5) Then close the graphics screen, using: closegraph( );
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Fundamentals of Graphics
The Graphics Screen.  Color Options.  Graphics Mode.  Drawing Lines  Line Style  Clearing the Screen.  Plotting Points.

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The Graphics Screen

If you have a VGA graphics card or better in your computer, then the graphics screen has 640 pixels across and 480 pixels down.  640 X 480 = 307,200 pixels  The upper left corner is position (0, 0)  The lower right corner is position (639, 479)


Remember, the computer starts counting with zero.

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The Graphics Screen Dimensions

(0, 0) (639, 0)

(0, 479)
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(639, 479)
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Background Color Options

 You can select the color of the background.  This is done before drawing anything in the foreground (otherwise your drawing will disappear.)  To select the background color use the command.  setbkcolor(number);
 Where (number) is a numeric constant from 0 through 15, or the symbolic constant that represents the color.
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Color Options


The number of colors depend on the graphics mode you select using Turbo C++.
The default settings allow for 16 color choices.

You select a foreground or drawing color by using the following command: setcolor(number);
Where (number) is a numeric constant from 0 through 15, or the symbolic constant that represents the color. graphinfo.cpp
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Color Names
Here are the color numbers and names:
0 = BLACK 1 = BLUE 2 = GREEN 3 = CYAN 4 = RED 5 = MAGENTA 6 = BROWN 7 = LIGHTGRAY
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8 = DARKGRAY 9 = LIGHTBLUE 10 = LIGHTGREEN 11 = LIGHTCYAN 12 = LIGHTRED 13 = LIGHTMAGENTA 14 = YELLOW 15 = WHITE

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Drawing Lines


The Current Pointer. The current pointer is an invisible pointer that keeps track of the current pixel position. It is the equivalent of the visible cursor in text mode.

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Drawing Lines 2
 To move the pointer to a location on the graph without drawing anything, use the command:  moveto (X,Y);
 This is like PenUp (PU) in LOGO

 To draw lines from the current pointers position to another point on the graph, use the command:  lineto (X,Y);
 This is like PenDown (PD) in LOGO or SetXY (x, y)

grtmplte.cpp
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Graphics Figures Lines Rectangles Circles Arcs Ellipses Points

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Lines, The Easy Way

Instead of using the commands: moveto and lineto, we can draw a line using one command: line(x1, y1, x2, y2);  The points (x1, y1) describe the beginning of the line, while (x2, y2) describes the endpoint of the line.  The numbers x1, y1, x2, y2 are integers.

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Rectangles
Rectangles can be drawn in different ways using lineto, moveto, moverel, and linerel. But an easier and faster way is using the Rectangle procedure which draws a rectangle in the default color and line style with the upper left at X1, Y1 and lower right X2, Y2. rectangle (x1, y1, x2, y2);

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Circles
Circles can be drawn using the circle procedure. This draws a circle in the default color and line style with center at X, Y, radius in the X direction of Xradius, and corresponding Y radius. circle (x, y, radius);

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Arcs
This procedure draws a circular arc in the default color and line style based upon a circle with center X, Y and given X radius. The arc begins at an angle of StartAngle and follows the circle to EndAngle. The angles are measured in degrees from 0 to 360 counterclockwise where 0 degrees is directly right. arc ( x, y, startangle, endangle, radius);
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Visualizing Arcs Starting & Ending Angles

90 Ending Angle Starting Angle

180

270
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Ellipses
Draws an elliptical arc in the default color and line style based upon an ellipse with center X, Y and given radii. The arc begins at an angle to Start Angle and follows the ellipse to End Angle. The angles are measured in degrees from 0 to 360 counterclockwise where 0 degrees is directly right.
ellipse ( x, y, startangle , endangle, x_radius, y_radius);

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Plotting Points


The Maximum value for X can be found using: getmaxx( ) The Maximum value for Y can be found using: getmaxy( ) To Plot a point: putpixel ( x_value, y_value, color);

For example: putpixel (100, 100, WHITE);

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Sample Program


Lets look at a program with a line, rectangle, circle, arc, ellipse, and a point. Objects.cpp

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Line Style


Setting the line style. All lines have a default line mode, but Turbo C++ allows the user to specify three characteristics of a line: style, pattern, and thickness. Use the command:
setlinestyle (style, pattern, thickness);

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Line Style and Thickness Names

Here are the names of the line styles and thickness:
Line Style SOLID_LINE DOTTED_LINE CENTER_LINE DASHED_LINE USERBIT_LINE
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Thickness NORM_WIDTH THICK_WIDTH

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Line Style Patterns



The names of the line patterns are:

SOLID_LINE DOTTED_LINE CENTER_LINE DASHED_LINE = = = = 0 1 2 3

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Filling Patterns

Selecting Pattern and Color Filling Regions Getting a Pixel

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Selecting Pattern and Color

Use the command SetFillStyle for setting the pattern and color for the object that you wish to fill. setfillstyle ( pattern, color);

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Pattern Names
Here are the name of available patterns:
Values Causing filling with EMPTY_FILL Background Color SOLID_FILL Solid Color LINE_FILL Horizontal Lines LTSLASH_FILL Thin diagonal lines SLASH_FILL Thick diagonal lines BKSLASH_FILL Thick diagonal backslashes LTBKSLASH_FILL Light backslashes HATCH_FILLThin cross hatching XHATCH_FILL Thick cross hatching INTERLEAVE_FILL Interleaving lines WIDE_DOT_FILL Widely spaced dots CLOSE_DOT_FILL Closely spaced dots
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Filling Regions
After selecting a color and pattern, floodfill is used to fill the desired area. floodfill ( x, y, border_color ); This paints out the desired color until it reaches border color. Note: The border color must be the same color as the color used to draw the shape. Also, you can only fill completely closed shapes. Program10_4.cpp
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Filling Special Regions

To draw a filled ellipse:
fillellipse ( xcoordinate, ycoordinate, xradius, yradius);

 To draw a filled rectangle:

bar (x1, y1, x2, y2);

To draw a filled 3D rectangle:

bar3d(x1, y1, x2, y2, depth, topflag); //depth is width of
the 3D rectangle, if topflag is non-0 a top is added to the bar

 To draw a filled section of a circle:

pieslice (x, y, startangle, endangle, xradius);
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Text Output on the Graphics Screen



To write a literal expression on the graphics screen using the location specified by (x, y) use the command: outtextxy (x, y, literal expression); outtextxy (x, y, string_variable.c_str( ));

Note: string_variable represents a C-style string. When using an apstring variable use the c_str( ) member function to convert the string.
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Converting Int to apstring

The Marine Biology Case Study includes a function in the utils class to convert an integer to apstring.  This function can be found in the Part 2 folder.  The filename is:


utils.cpp
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Text Styles


To set the values for the text characteristics, use: settextstyle ( font, direction, charsize);
Font DEFAULT_FONT TRIPLEX_FONT SMALL_FONT SANS_SERIF_FONT GOTHIC_FONT SCRIPT_FONT SIMPLEX_FONT TRIPLEX_SCR_FONT
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Direction HORIZ_DIR = Left to right VERT_DIR = Bottom to top Fonts continued COMPLEX_FONT EUROPEAN_FONT BOLD_FONT

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Text Styles Font Sizes

CharSize 1 = Default (normal) 2 = Double Size 3 = Triple Size 4 = 4 Times the normal 5 = 5 Times the normal . 10 = 10 Times the normal
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Text Justification
To set the way that text is located around the point specified use the command: settextjustify (horizontal,vertical); Horizontal Vertical LEFT_TEXT TOP_TEXT CENTER_TEXT BOTTOM_TEXT RIGHT_TEXT Program10_2.cpp

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Clearing the Screen

There are two ways to clear the screen.  When in graphics mode use: cleardevice( ); //#include <graphics.h>
 

When not in graphics mode use: clrscr( ); //#include <conio.h>

This only clears the text screen, not a graphics screen.

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Text Height & Width

Returns the height, in pixels, of string S if it were to be written on the graphics screen using the current defaults. textheight (S string);  Returns the width, in pixels, of string S if it were to be written on the graphics screen using the current defaults. textwidth (S string);

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Getting a Pixel


To return the color number corresponding to the color located at the point: X, Y use the command: getpixel (x, y);

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Useful Non Graphic Commands



kbhit()
checks to see if a keystroke is currently available If a keystroke is available, returns a nonzero integer. If a keystroke is not available, returns a zero.

Any available keystrokes can be retrieved with getch().

Both kbhit( ) and getch( ) belong to <conio.h>
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Using Borland C++ 5.02



Create a project with the following settings:

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