+

CS310 – Data Structure

Lecture – 11 – Heap
+ 2
Heap Data Structure

 Heapis a special case of balanced binary tree data structure

where the root-node key is compared with its children and
arranged accordingly.
 Min-Heap − Where the value of the root node is less than or
equal to either of its children.
 Example:

February 2, 2025
+ 3
Heap Data Structure

 Max-Heap − Where the value of the root node is greater than

or equal to either of its children.
 Example:

February 2, 2025
+ 4
MinHeap and non-MinHeap examples
Violates MinHeap
13 property 21>6
13

21 16 21 16

24 31 19 68 6 31 19 68

65 26 32 A 65 26 32 Not a
MinHeap Heap
13 Not a 13
Heap Not a
21 16 21 Heap
16

24 31 19 68 24 31 19

65 26 32 65 26 32
Violates heap structural Violates heap structural
property property February 2, 2025
+ 5
MaxHeap and non-MaxHeap examples
Violates MaxHeap
68 68
property 65 < 67
65 46 65 46

24 32 23 25 67 32 23 25

15 20 31 A MaxHeap 15 20 31 Not a
Heap
70 Not a 30
Not a
Heap
50 Heap
40 21 16

24 31 19 38 19 18 10

15 20 25 2 5 15
Violates heap structural Violates heap structural
property property
February 2, 2025
+ Array Representation of a Binary 6
Heap
A heap is a dynamic data structure that is represented and

manipulated more efficiently using an array.
 Since a heap is a balanced binary tree, its node values can be stored
in an array, without any gaps, in a breadth-first order, where:
Value(node )
i+1 array[ i ], for i > 0

13
21 16

24 31 19 68
32 26 65 68 19 31 24 16 21 13
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
65 26 32
• The root is array[0]
• The parent of array[i] is array[(i – 1)/2], where i > 0
• The left child, if any, of array[i] is array[2i+1].
• The right child, if any, of array[i] is array[2i+2].
February 2, 2025
+ Array Representation of a Binary Heap 7
(contd.)
 We shall use an implementation in which the heap elements
are stored in an array starting at index 1.
Value(node i ) array[i] , for i > 1

13
21 16

24 31 19 68
10
32 26 65 68 19 31 24 16 21 13
65 26 32
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
• The root is array[1].
• The parent of array[i] is array[i/2], where i > 1
• The left child, if any, of array[i] is array[2i].
• The right child, if any, of array[i] is array[2i+1].
February 2, 2025
+ 8
Max Heap Insertion Algorithm
 Step 1 − Create a new node at the end of heap.

 Step 2 − Assign new value to the node.

 Step 3 − Compare the value of this child node with its parent.

 Step 4 − If value of parent is less than child, then swap them.

 Step 5 − Repeat step 3 & 4 until Heap property holds.

February 2, 2025
+ 9
MinHeap Insertion Example
13 13
21 16 Insert 18 21 16

24 31 19 68 24 31 19 68

65 26 32 65 26 32 18

Percolate up

13 13
18 16 21 16
Percolate up
24 21 19 68 24 18 19 68

65 26 32 31 65 26 32 31
February 2, 2025
+ 10
Max Heap Deletion Algorithm
 Step 1 − Remove root node.

 Step 2 − Move the last element of last level to root.

 Step 3 − Compare the value of this child node with its parent.

 Step 4 − If value of parent is less than child, then swap them. (SWAP with
the min child if minheap and max child if Maxheap)

 Step 5 − Repeat step 3 & 4 until Heap property holds.

February 2, 2025
+ MinHeap Dequeue Example 11

13 Delete min 31
element
18 19 delete last 18 19
node
24 21 23 68 24 21 23 68

65 26 32 31 65 26 32
Replace by value of last Percolate down
node
18 18

21 19 31 19

Percolate down
24 31 23 68 24 21 23 68

65 26 32 65 26 32 February 2, 2025
+ Deleting an arbitrary key
The algorithm of deleting an arbitrary key from a heap is:
12
 Copy the key x of the last node to the node containing the deleted key.

 Delete the last node.

 Percolate x down until the heap property is restored.

Example:

February 2, 2025
+ Building a heap (top down) 13
 A heap is built top-down by inserting one key at a time in an initially
empty heap.
 After each key insertion, if the heap property is violated, it is restored
by percolating the inserted key upward.

The algorithm is:

for(int i=1; i <= heapSize; i++){

read key;
binaryHeap.enqueue(key);

Example: Insert the keys 4, 6, 10

, 20, and 8 in this order in an

originally empty max-heap

February 2, 2025
+ Heap Applications 14

A MinHeap or a MaxHeap can be used to implement an

efficient sorting algorithm called Heap Sort.
A heap can be used as the underlying implementation
of a priority queue.

February 2, 2025
+ 15

Teamwork practice

February 2, 2025
+ 16
Activity 1
 Ifwe implement heap as min-heap, deleting root node (value
1)from the heap. What would be the value of root node after
second iteration if leaf node (value 100) is chosen to replace
the root at start.

a) 2
b) 100
c) 17
d) 3

February 2, 2025
+ 17
Activity 2

Draw the structure of a binary heap

1. after these priorities have been

inserted:
19,34,23,16,54,89,24,29,15,61,27

2. after two deleteMin operations

February 2, 2025
+ 18
Activity 3
Construct the heap binary tree from the following
array of elements.
13 14 15 18 11 12 17 16

February 2, 2025
+ 19
References

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_structures_algorithms/heap_data_structure.h
tm
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/binary-heap/
 Interactive page: https://visualgo.net/en/heap?slide=1
 https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~adamchik/15-121/lectures/Binary%20Heaps/heaps.htm
l
 Chapter 9 of the course textbook

February 2, 2025
+ 20

End of Heap

February 2, 2025