Lesson 1

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING ACROSS DISCIPLINES
I.Content Standard
•The learner realizes that information in a written text may be selected and
organized to achieve a particular purpose.

II.Performance Standard
•The learner critiques a chosen sample of each pattern of development
focusing on information selection, organization, and development.

III.Most Essential learning Competencies:

• In this module, you should be able to:

1. compare and contrast patterns of development of written texts across disciplines

IV.Specific Learning Outcomes:
• In this lesson, you should be able to:
1.identify the characteristics of each pattern of
development in writing;
2.apply the different techniques, strategies, or
methods of writing; and
3.create a full-blown essay using the different
patterns of development in writing.
 Narration

Persuasion Description

Patterns of
Problem- Solution Development in Definition
Writing Across
Disciplines

Exemplification/
Cause and Effect
Classification

Comparison and
Contrast
ENGAGE: Reminiscing the past
• Try to remember the last remarkable event of
yours before the pandemic in which you had to
go outside the confines of your house. When
was it? Where did you go? How long were you
out? Why did you have to go? How have you
been after returning from that trip? Fill in the
table below to see a visual representation of this
remarkable travelling stint of yours.
Event Date Event Event Purpose Event Event Aftermath
Location Duration
EXPLORE: Favorite Story
Activity 2:
•What is your favorite story? List at least three (3)
reasons why you consider that story your favorite.
Think of how you can persuade your classmates to
read, and at the very least, like it as well. Retell the
story as if you are the author him/herself. Use one
half sheet of yellow paper in retelling the story. Let
your imagination guide you in your retelling!
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING
1. Definition Paragraph
• Definition tells what a word means to have a clear understanding of any word
especially technical words, slang and specialized words used in the paragraph.
• A definition paragraph includes the three components of a formal definition which
are term to be defined, the general class to which the term belongs, and the
characteristics that make the term different from all other terms in that class.
• Its topic sentence identifies the term to be defined, and the rest of the paragraph
develops the definition by examples, by outlining a process, or by using one or more
of the patterns of development.
• Defining by negation, that is telling what the term is not, can also be used.
Commonly used in the following
fields:
• Natural Science
• Physical Science
• Social Sciences
• Humanities
• Business
Common Signal Words:
• is defined as
• as defined as
• means
• refers to
• to define
• to illustrate
Some Guide Questions
• What is it?
• What are its limits?
Example:

Social Engineering is defined as any method which

tricks people to share personal information through the
use of technology. The social component in this
scheme means that there is reliance on various
psychological tricks and on the gullibility of users rather
than technical hacking. Social Engineering also refers
to various malicious acts online such as phishing,
spamming, and pretexting.
Example:
Many businesses allow business casual dress on Fridays; other
permit it all the time. As a result, more and more people are finding
themselves asking, “What is business casual?” Broadly speaking,
business casual means dressing professionally but also looking relaxed.
For women, this is usually means we caring a skirt or slacks with a
blouse or sweater. For men, it means no tie- and certainly no suit.
Khakis and a short-sleeved knit shirt are popular in the summer; in
other seasons, men wear a jacket over a shirt left open at the collar.
Business casual, however, is not a license for being sloppy or dressing
inappropriately. In other words, it does not mean wearing shorts, low-
cut skirts, tank or halter tops, sandals, flip-flops, jeans, or T-shirts.
ASSHOLE
1. Asshole refers to a word of insult used to describe a person
who misbehaves rudely, inconsiderately, and disrespectfully.
2. An asshole means a person who is hard to be around or
hard to deal with.
3. He is normally uncaring about how other people would feel
whenever he talks offensive and foul language against anyone.
4. This means that an asshole does not consider other
people’s emotions whenever he acts or speaks towards
others.
5. This is the very reason why people stay away from this type
of persons.
2. Narration
• Narration is pattern of writing that tells a story of an event or an
experience. You relate a sequence of events which reveals something
of importance (your main point), and all other important events of
your story (your supporting details) to bring it to life with a detailed
account of what happened- Who was involved in the event? When
did the event happen? Where did the event occur? What is the focus
of your narrative? A concluding statement that emphasizes the main
point of your narrative is very important to make sure that your
readers understand the purpose of telling the story. A narrative
paragraph usually follows a chronological order.
• Example:
• When I was 11, my cousin and I discovered how much fun it was to
play in the mud. We would pretend to be making mud pies.
Sometimes we would splatter each other in a game of war. One day
we imagined that we were pigs and flopped down on our backs in a
mud puddle. Then we had a contest to see who could make the most
convincing oink. My mother came home, caught wallowing, and
threw a it. She said that we had gotten our clothes filthy and would
have to wash them ourselves. And then she made us do it, too!
Description
Description is writing by painting a word picture of person, place, animal or
thing through sensory details to create a clear and vivid impression of the topic.
Let your readers see what you see, hear what you hear, smell what you smell,
taste what you taste and feel what you feel. A vivid description highlights the
one feature that most stands out about the topic which is the so called dominant
impression. This becomes the topic sentence of the paragraph and will guide
you in choosing your supporting details which can be 'objective' or ‘subjective'.
Objective details are your factual observation (what you see, hear and touch)
on the subject based on its physical attributes. Subjective details are your
feelings or opinions about what you are observing. Details in a descriptive
paragraph are normally arranged in spatial order. To end a descriptive paragraph,
the concluding statement must reinforce the focus of your description and the
general impression you want your reader to put in mind.
•Example:
• My favorite possession is a hand carved wooden fox given
to by one of my closest friends. His ears stand straight up as
if on the alert for guests. He holds his head high, proud of his
position in life. In his two front paws, he carries a little
round crystal candle holder containing a burgundy candle.
The fox is painted a dark burgundy, and he stands on his
hind legs as if offering to light my way through the darkness.
His tail trails along the ground, and he looks as if, any minute,
he could set down the candle and start dancing a waltz. He's
an elegant fox, and I never get tired of studying him.
Comparison and Contrast
Comparison shows the similarities and contrast tells differences among
subjects-people, objects, places, animals, situations or ideas. Both subjects to be
compared and contrasted have to be identified clearly as you write the topic
sentence, and need to have enough in common as basis of comparison. In other
words, the same points are used to compare and contrast your two subjects.
Supporting details of each point will show your knowledge of both subjects which
are in the same general class like two pets, two movies or two friends. A
comparison-contrast paragraph can either just point out the similarities or
differences, or it can tackle either using subject-by-subject comparison (block
pattern) or point-by-point comparison. In a subject-by-subject comparison, all
points about one subject are discussed and then all points about the other
subject. While in point-by-point comparison, each point for both subjects and
then to the next point are discussed. In concluding the comparison-contrast
paragraph, a reinforcement the main idea, restatement of the main idea or writer's
preference on what should be done are used to end emphatically the paragraph.
•Example 1(subject-by-subject comparison):
• My brother and I share a love for the outdoors. Every spring my brother plants
a vegetable garden full of tomatoes, green beans, and corn. Outside his front door is
a flower garden with perennials and annuals. His favorite flowers are salvia,
hollyhock, and periwinkle, In summer my brother leaves his garden and heads for
the beach. He swims in the ocean for exercise and recreation. Whenever he can,
he takes out his sailboat for a cruise. Not even the cold winter weather keeps him
from a life outdoor activity. He takes regular ski trips. When he tires of skiing, he
finds a frozen pond for ice-skating. Like my brother, I plant vegetable and flower
gardens. I love a wide variety of flowering plants including my brother's favorite
flowers-salvia, hollyhock and periwinkle. I, too, love the beach. Swimming is
relaxing and takes me away from my everyday stresses. I like to feel the wind in my
face as I cruise on a sailboat. In the winter I join my brother whenever I can on his
ski trips. I have even tried ice skating though I have fallen many times. I am glad that
my brother and I both appreciate the joys of outdoor activity.
•Example 2 (point-by-point comparison):
My brother and I have different spending habits. This difference is
apparent in the grocery store. When my brother shops for groceries, he never
carries a shopping list or coupons. He just buys what looks good to him that
day. However, when I enter the grocery stores, my shopping list and coupons
are always with me. Our attitude toward buying electronic gadgets differs as
well. My brother loves to buy electronic gadgets as calendars and telephone
directories, but he never compares prices at various stores. I, on the other
hand, rarely buy electronic gadgets. When I do, I never purchase one without
comparing the prices from the same way either. When my brother shops for
clothes, he does not have any overall wardrobe plan, and he never even looks
at the price tag. He figures if he likes the clothes, the price should not matter.
Unlike my brother, I know my wardrobe needs and buy clothes accordingly.
However, I rarely pay full price: I always head for the sales racks. I cannot
understand how my brother, the impulsive shopper, and I, the bargain hunter,
could be raised in the same family and have such varying spending habits.
Cause and effect
Cause and effect paragraphs are written to help your readers
understand why something happened or is happening, and how one
thing affects something else. A cause is what made an event or
particular thing happen. An effect is what happens as a result of the
event. In a cause and effect paragraph, a causal relationship must exist
which means one event actually caused another event and did not just
come before it in time. The importance of the causes and effects to be
discussed must be considered. A cause and effect paragraph explains
either the causes of a situation or event, or the effects of it, but does
both in the same piece of writing. Details are usually arranged in
climactic order- for example, from least to most important.
•Example1: (The example paragraph below examines the causes as the
topic sentence identifies the problem (effect) that is to be discussed.)
Newspapers are folding. Paper costs are high but loss of literate
readers is much higher. Forty-five percent of adult citizens do not read
newspapers. Only 10 percent abstain by choice. The rest have been
excluded by their inability to read. Even the most distinguished daily
papers are now written at an estimated tenth-grade level. Magazines
such as the Nation, New Republic, Time, Newsweek, and the National
Review are written at a minimum of twelfth-grade level. Circulation
battles represent a competition for the largest piece of a diminished pie.
Enlargement of that pie does not yet seem to have occurred to those
who enter these increasingly unhappy competitions. The only successful
major paper to be launched in the last decade, USA Today, relies on a
simplistic lexicon, large headlines, color photographs, and fanciful
weather maps that seek to duplicate the instant entertainment on TV.
•Example1:(Here is another paragraph that will discuss effects with a topic
sentence that identifies the cause of the problem)
Professional athletes are sometimes severely disadvantaged by trainers
whose job is to keep them in action. The more famous the athlete, the greater the
risk that he or she may be subjected to extreme medical measures when injury
strikes. The star baseball player whose arm is sore because of a torn muscle or
tissue damage may need sustained rest more than anything else. But his team is
battling for a place in the World Series; so the trainer or team doctor, called upon
to work his magic, reaches for a strong dose of but a zolidine or other powerful
pain suppressants. Presto, the pain disappears! The pitcher takes his place on the
mound and does superbly. That could be the last game, however, in which he is
able to throw a ball with full strength. The drugs didn't repair torn muscle or
cause damaged tissue to heal. What they did was to mask the pain, enabling the
pitcher to throw hard, further damaging the torn muscle. Little wonder that so
many star athletes are cut down in their prime, more the victims of overzealous
treatment of their injuries than of the injuries themselves.
Definition
Definition tells what a word means to have a clear understanding of any
word especially technical words, slang and specialized words used in the
paragraph. A definition paragraph includes the three components of a
formal definition which are term to be defined, the general class to
which the term belongs, and the characteristics that make the term
different from all other terms in that class. Its topic sentence identifies the
term to be defined, and the rest of the paragraph develops the definition by
examples, by outlining a process, or by using one or more of the patternsof
development. Defining by negation, that is telling what the term is not, can
also be used.
Classification

Classification is another type of paragraph development that

involves sorting of items(people, things, ideas) into categories. The
topic sentence of a classification paragraph states the topic being
classified and how it is being classified. Each of the categories must
differ from each other with distinct information which will be sorted
accordingly. Supporting details are examples of the categories into
which the topic has been sorted. Chronological, Spatial and Climactic
orders may be used for this type of paragraph.
•Example:
Test questions generally fall into two categories, depending on how
they are answered: objective and subjective. The first kind, objective
questions have definite right and wrong answers. Multiple- choice,
matching, and fill-in-the-blank questions are objective. Although they can be
tricky because of their wording, most students prefer objective questions,
particularly multiple choices and matching. The answers are already there,
and the student just has to choose the right ones. The questions in the
second category are tougher. Subjective test items, such as short-answer
and essay questions, have no single correct answer. There is a range of
p0ssible responses. Students have to know the information in order to
answer each question, and they have to present it in their own words. For
most people, the more concrete, objective questions are less intimidating
than the subjective ones. You can make a lucky guess on an objective
question, but a subjective question doesn't offer much hope for a student
relying on dumb luck.
Problem- solution
Problem-solution is a type of writing that identifies a problem and
proposes solutions, and persuades your readers that the problem
has to be addressed. Your problem- solution essay begins by
identifying the problem to your reader and by conveying to them
the importance of solving the problem. Inform them about the
problem. Evidences must be presented in the body part of the essay
to show the existence of the problem. Then persuade them that a
possible solution must be done. In the concluding part, your readers
must be reminded of the problem and the solution, thus, a forceful
question to reinforce the urgency of addressing the problem must be
stated. A climactic order is normally used for developing the essay.
Example:
The enormous growth in the use of the internet over the last
decade has led to radical changes to the way that people consume
and share information. Although serious problems have arisen as a
result of this, there are solutions. One of the first problems of the
internet is the ease with which children can access potentially
dangerous sites. For example, pornography sites are easily accessible
to them because they can register with a site and claim to be an
adult. There is no doubt that this affects their thoughts and
development, which is a negative impact for the children and for
society Another major problem is the growth of online fraud and
hacking. These days, there are constant news stories about
government and company websites that have been hacked resulting
in sensitive information falling into the hands of criminals.
It is important that action is taken to combat these
problems. Government should ensure that adequate
legislation and controls are in place that will prevent young
people from accessing dangerous sites, such as requiring more
than simply confirming that you are an adult to view a site.
Parents also have a part to play. They need to closely monitor
the activities of their children and restrict their access to
certain sites, which can now be done through various
computer programs. Companies must also improve their on-
site IT security systems to make fraud and hacking much more
difficult by undertaking thorough reviews of their current
systems for weaknesses.
 To conclude, the internet is an amazing technological
innovation that has transformed peoples fives, but not without
negative impacts. However with height action by individuals,
governments and businesses, it can be made a safe place for
everyone
Persuasion
Persuasion is writing that takes a stand on an issue and also
examines opposing viewpoints. Evidences to support your position
about an idea or issue must be presented to convince your readers.
Your evidences must include the following: statement of facts,
statement of opinion, statistics, and first-hand experience and
observations. A forceful statement that briefly acknowledges your
opposition, restates your position, reinforces your reason for your
position, calls to action or states a prediction can conclude your
persuasive paragraph.
•Example:
Immigration contributes to the overall health of the American
economy. Despite recent concerns expressed about illegal and some
legal immigration to the United States, this country has largely
benefited from the skills, talents, and ambition that immigrants bring
with them. American businesses gain from a good source of
affordable labor, while towns and cities are revitalized by immigrant
families who strengthen communities through civic participation and
the generation of new economic activity. The United States must
continue to welcome new arrivals and help those who are already here;
otherwise, the country will lose the advantages it has over other
industrialized countries that compete against us in the global
marketplace and seek to recruit from a vast pool of unskilled and skilled
global workers.
Properties of a Well- Written
Text
• Whenever there is something to be done, most people
try to visualize the output so that they could check how
close they were in accomplishing that task.
• Now that you know the nature of a text—that it is
connected discourse—you must already have a
clear picture in your mind of what you should try to
achieve in your writing.
• You should be able to distinguish good writing from
a bad one by now. You are supposed to be aware that
for a writer to be able to express meaning in writing,
he or she must consider:
• unity and logical arrangement of ideas;
• appropriateness of language use;
• and proper grammar, punctuation, spelling, and
format.
 Those considerations make up a well-written text.
So, if you are to write anything, your writing must have
the following characteristics:
• Organization
• Coherence and cohesion
• Appropriate language use
• Proper mechanics
1. Organization
• Organization refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text. You can
easily follow good organization when you create an outline of
your ideas before you start. An outline is like the skeleton of the
human body—the latter gives the body form while the former
gives your writing basically the same thing. The form will make
the readers see which ones are the major parts and which ones are
the minor parts. An outline can be useful because it provides a
format in which ideas can be arranged in a hierarchy—that is, it
distinguishes the general ideas from the specific or subordinating
ideas.
2. Coherence and Cohesion
• Coherence and cohesion refers to the connection of ideas and connection
between sentences and between paragraphs. As you have read previously, a
text is connected discourse. This means that the ideas you will write on a
topic will not be considered a well-written text if they do not stick together.
In order for you to assure coherence and cohesion, you need to use
transitional and cohesive devices.
• For instance, to provide coherence, you may use phrases that signals
that you are adding more information (e.g. in addition, moreover), or
referring to the previous statement (e.g. as mentioned earlier), or
contrasting the previous statement (e.g. however), and so on.
• For providing cohesion, you must organize old and new information in
your text. Organizing old and new information can be done by
using certain vocabulary such as synonyms and antonyms, or
repetition of words from the previous sentence, or using pronouns and
conjunctions.
3. Appropriate Language Use
• Appropriate language use refers to the acceptable style of
language for a particular form of text. For business
correspondences, for instance, the style must be concise and
formal which is why writers of such texts should not use
wordy phrases and must have a courteous tone to it. For
literary pieces, on the other hand, the language and style may
be less formal and more creative.
4. Proper Mechanics
• Mechanics refers to the conventions of writing which includes
capitalization, punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbreviations, acronyms,
and contractions. You may have experienced being confused as to
whether you have committed an error in grammar or mechanics when
you accidentally put an apostrophe in the possessive pronoun it’s or in
the plural form of a noun such as cat’s. These errors are not errors in
grammar since you have demonstrated that you know the rules in
forming the possessive pronoun and plural. Since you made a mistake in
the use of punctuation, you committed an error in mechanics.
• The weather in 1816 Europe was abnormally wet, keeping many
inhabitants indoors that summer. From April until September of that year,
"it rained in Switzerland on 130 out of the 183 days from April to
September" (Phillips, 2006). Unlike today, one could not simply turn on a
television or click through the Internet in order to entertain oneself.
Instead, it was much more common for the educated people of the day to
spend time reading, discussing well-known authors and artists of the day,
playing at cards and walking in their gardens and walking paths.
• If you were Mary Shelley in the company of Byron and others, you amused
each other by reading out loud, sharing a common interest in a particular
book, and sharing with the others your own writing. In her introduction to
Frankenstein, her explanation of how this extraordinary novel came to be
was due, at least in part, to the weather and the company (Shelley, 1816).
"I passed the summer of 1816 in the environs of Geneva. The season was
cold and rainy, and ...we occasionally amused ourselves with some German
stories of ghosts... These tales excited in us a playful desire of imitation"
(Shelley, as quoted in Phillips, 2006).
• I hate wet and reiny days.
• It rained a lot in 1816.... a lot - like everyday; the weather in
Europe was abnormally wet because it rained in Switzerland
on 130 out of the 183 days from April to September. If I was
Mary Shelley I might decide to write a book too. Afterall, it
was the onnly thing you could do without TV or anything.
She said that she "passed the summer of 1816 in the
environs of Geneva...we occasionally amused ourselves with
some German stories of ghosts... These tales excited in us a
playful desire of imitation" So, people were stuck inside and
bored. Mary Shelley decided to write a book becuase it was
so awful outside. I can totally see her point, you know? I
guess I would write a novel if there was nothing else to do.
Claims Explicitly or
Implicitly Made in a
Written Text
Claim of Fact
• A claim of fact makes an assertion about something that
can be proved or disproved with factual evidence.
However, keep in mind the basic quality of claims, that
they have to be debatable, and offer an assertion about
an issue. So a claim of fact for a logical argument
cannot simply consist of a statistic or proven fact. It
needs, instead, to focus on an assertion which uses
facts to back it up, but for which the evidence might still
be debatable.
Claim of Value
• A claim of value argues that something is good or bad,
or that one thing is better than another thing.
Sample claims of value:
• It’s better to apply good nutritional choices at home
than teach them at school, because good nutrition then
becomes ingrained in the child’s experience.
• Although immunotherapy has produced some good
results in fighting cancer, overall it is less effective than
chemotherapy.
• Capital punishment is unjust.
Claim of Policy
• A claim of policy argues that certain conditions should exist,
or that something should or should not be done, in order to
solve a problem.
Sample claims of policy:
• The city’s board of education should institute an honors
program not only for high school students, but for
elementary and junior high school students as well.
• Just as smoking ads have been banned in order to decrease
the urge to engage in an unhealthy behavior, soda ads
should be banned for the same reason.
• The Death Penalty should be abolished.
• Appropriate claim of fact – makes a claim that is
debatable using factual evidence.
• Decreasing carbon dioxide emissions from car exhaust,
manufacturing processes, fertilizers, and landfills, while
slowing deforestation, may help slow the process of
global warming.
• The Death Penalty does not deter crimes.
• To strengthen your understanding of types of claims,
take this nine question self-test. See if you can identify
which type of claim the statement is making, then
check the answer.
1.Vaping can lead to increased blood pressure, lung
disease, and insulin resistance.
2.The basic keys to success are perseverance and
discipline.
3.Studies have shown that exposure to violent media is a
risk factor for violent behaviors.
4.The Career Support Network is an excellent resource
for people who are considering a mid-life career change.
5.In order to insure that graduates are competitive for
top jobs in their fields, the college must put additional
resources into its career services office and internship
6. Although the International Astronomical Union
announced that Pluto is not actually a planet, experts
disagree on what characteristics define a planet.
7. Increased investments in solar power will benefit
national security by reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
8. Parents should not only be aware of how their children
are using social media, but also understand the potential
positive and negative impacts of social media use.
9. Advances in computer modeling have made it possible
to create completely new types of architectural
structures.
• To strengthen your understanding of types of claims, take this
nine question self-test. See if you can identify which type of
claim the statement is making, then check the answer.
1.Vaping can lead to increased blood pressure, lung disease,
and insulin resistance.
Claim of Fact
2. The basic keys to success are perseverance and discipline.
Claim of Value
3. Studies have shown that exposure to violent media is a risk
factor for violent behaviors.
Claim of Fact
4. The Career Support Network is an excellent resource for
people who are considering a mid-life career change.
Claim of Value
5. In order to insure that graduates are competitive for top jobs in
their fields, the college must put additional resources into its career
services office and internship programs.
Claim of Policy
6. Although the International Astronomical Union announced that
Pluto is not actually a planet, experts disagree on what
characteristics define a planet.
Claim of Fact
7. Increased investments in solar power will benefit national security
by reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
Claim of Policy
8. Parents should not only be aware of how their children are using
social media, but also understand the potential positive and negative
impacts of social media use.
Claim of Policy
9. Advances in computer modeling have made it possible to create
completely new types of architectural structures.
Claim of Fact
 Context in Which a
Text was Developed
a. Hypertext
b. Intertext
Hypertext and Intertext
• Hypertext is a form of text that is displayed on a
computer screen and is typically linked to other
documents.
• Intertext is a form of text that is used to express ideas
and meanings through the use of references and
metaphors.
1.Hypertext is digital technology-
dependent and often realized as internet
browser linkage (e.g. new webpage, pop-
up, Alt text). The HT in HTML (or URL
https) stands for hypertext.

2.Intertext is a literary device (not

related to enabling technology) and
similar to an allusion (but not quite).
• Allusion is a figure of speech, in which an object or
circumstance from an unrelated context is referred to covertly or
indirectly.

• For example, say you have a friend who is so smart you

playfully refer to them by saying, “Rose is a real
Einstein.” This allusion would be a reference to Albert
Einstein, the lauded physicist.
Critical Reading as Reasoning
• Critical reading involves presenting a reasoned
argument that evaluates and analyses what you have
read. Being critical, therefore - in an academic sense -
means advancing your understanding, not dismissing
and therefore closing off learning.
To read critically, you must think critically.
This involves:
1. analysis,
2. interpretation, and
3. evaluation.
Formulates Evaluative
Statements about a
Text Read
Formulate Assertions About the
Content and Properties of a Text
Read
• An assertion is a statement used to make a declaration
or to express strong belief on a particular topic, often
without evidence. An assertion can be formulated after
reading a story or a poem and even after watching a
play.
Here's a quick guide to help you write perfect
assertions for your essay.

1.Be knowledgeable. Before you start writing your

assertions, make sure your facts are straight. ...
2.Back it all up. Your assertions needs to be a stable
throughout. ...
3.Be clear and concise. ...
4.Be thematic.
Formulate Meaningful Counterclaims
in Response to a Text Read.
• A counterclaim is the argument opposing the author's
claim. An effective argumentative essay will bring up
counterclaims for two reasons: Bringing up
counterclaims provides the author with a sense of
credibility, thereby utilizing the rhetorical appeal of
ethos.
• A counterclaim should start with a topic sentence that
acknowledges the opposing side and references the
previous paragraph to create a smooth transition.
Counterclaims should also include credible sources as
evidence for the opposing side.
• The main purpose of a counterclaim is to address the
opposite side of the argument and provide a rebuttal. A
rebuttal is when the author disproves an argument. So,
not only does the author work on proving their claim,
but they work on disproving the counterclaim or
opposition's argument.
 Determine Textual
Evidence to Validate
Assertions and
Counterclaims Made
about the Text Read
Paraphrase Definitions
• The word “paraphrase” has two definitions,
depending on the part of speech it represents in the
sentence.
• As a verb, “to paraphrase” means “to express the
meaning of the writer or speaker (or something written
or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve
greater clarity.”
• As a noun, “paraphrase” is defined as “a rewording of
something written or spoken by someone else.”
• Let’s look at it this way: if you were talking to a friend
about what the characters said in your favorite scene of
a movie, you wouldn’t repeat all of their lines word for
word. Instead, you would give your version of what
happened in the scene.
• To Paraphrase
• to express the meaning of the writer or speaker (or
something written or spoken) using different words,
especially to achieve greater clarity
• Paraphrasing is about describing something
without quoting it exactly, giving a more general
description of what was presented instead.
Original Paraphrase
• “The weather was very • “He packed ahead for
rainy, so he decided to pack the rainy day, and he
accordingly. He brought rain also brought
boots, an umbrella, and a sunglasses in case it
waterproof jacket. Although got sunny.”
there was heavy cloud
cover, the news said it was
going to lighten up by the
afternoon, so he packed his
favorite sunglasses.”
Why is Paraphrasing so Important?
• Understanding the importance of paraphrasing comes
down to one thing: easy communication. When a source
is paraphrased, it usually becomes more straightforward
because it is rephrased and broken down in a way that
is more easily digestible.
• So, why is paraphrasing important? To truly answer this
question, we must first understand other ways to
reference information..
• Quoting a Source
• When something is quoted, it is repeated in the same
way it originally appeared. Reading aloud from a book
or a magazine would be considered quoting that book or
magazine, because the words are being read in the
exact way in which they were written.
• Summarizing a Source
• Another referential device commonly used is
summarizing. A summary is a short synopsis of a
source's main points.
• Unlike direct quotes, summaries convey a broader
picture of the referenced material as a whole, rather
than repeating specific details word for word.
 • Paraphrasing combines the brevity of
summarizing with the precision of quoting. A
paraphrase shouldn’t be an exact imitation of its
reference, but it should convey the original
source’s intent in your own words.
• Paraphrasing isn’t necessarily expected to be as brief as
possible. While quotes have to be exact, and summaries
are meant to be short, a paraphrase doesn’t need to be
either. It just needs to be accurate.
Input Output
• If you’re going to South • Brazil is a must-see
America, you’ve got to destination in South
check out Brazil. It’s the America, both for its
largest, most populated vibrant culture and for the
country on the continent. variety of landscapes to
Plus, the rich culture and explore.
bustling cities will ensure
your trip is exciting.