Internet of Things

and Applications
Class: TYB.TECH
LAB: 2
Mr.Pankaj P. Tasgaonkar
Expt. No. 2
 AIM: To write a program to measure distance using ultrasonic sensor

• Software: Arduino IDE 1.8.15

• Link: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software
• Hardware: Arduino uno board, ultrasonic sensor, jumping
wires, USB connector
cable
Working Principle
 Ultrasonic sensor
• Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a
frequency above the range of human hearing.
• The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to receive and
send the ultrasonic sound.
• use a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo.
The sensor determines the distance to a target by measuring time
lapses between the sending and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse.
• It sends an ultrasonic pulse out at 40kHz which travels through the
air and if there is an obstacle or object, it will bounce back to the
sensor. By calculating the travel time and the speed of sound, the
distance can be calculated.
 Theory
• The Timing diagram is shown in Fig. You only need to supply a short
10uS pulse to the trigger input to start the ranging, and then the module
will send out an 8 cycle burst of ultrasound at 40 kHz and raise its echo.
• The Echo is a distance object that is pulse width and the range in
proportion .
• You can calculate the range through the time interval between sending
trigger signal and receiving echo signal.
• Formula: uS / 58 = centimeters or uS / 148 =inch; or:
• range = high level time * velocity (340m/s) / 2;
• use over 60ms measurement cycle, in order to prevent trigger signal to the
echo signal.
Specifications of ultrasonic
sensor
Circuit Diagram
Code
Results
Expt. No. 3
 AIM: To Write a program to monitor
temperature and humidity using Arduino
• Software: Arduino IDE 1.8.15
• Link: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software
• Hardware: Arduino uno board, DHT11 sensor, jumping
wires, USB connector cable
Specifications of DHT11 sensor
 Working principle
• DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor for
sensing temperature. The humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes with a
moisture holding substrate as a dielectric between them. Change in the capacitance
value occurs with the change in humidity levels. The IC measure, process this changed
resistance values and change them into digital form.
• For measuring temperature this sensor uses a Negative Temperature coefficient
thermistor, which causes a decrease in its resistance value with increase in
temperature. To get larger resistance value even for the smallest change in
temperature, this sensor is usually made up of semiconductor ceramics or polymers.
• The temperature range of DHT11 is from 0 to 50 degree Celsius with a 2-degree
accuracy. Humidity range of this sensor is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy. The
sampling rate of this sensor is 1Hz .i.e. it gives one reading for every second. DHT11
is small in size with operating voltage from 3 to 5 volts. The maximum current used
while measuring is 2.5mA
• Humidity is the measure of water vapour present in the air. The level
of humidity in air affects various physical, chemical and biological
processes.
• In industrial applications, humidity can affect the business cost of the
products, health and safety of the employees. So, in semiconductor
industries and control system industries measurement of humidity is
very important.
• Humidity measurement determines the amount of moisture present
in the gas that can be a mixture of water vapour, nitrogen, argon or
pure gas etc… Humidity sensors are of two types based on their
measurement units. They are a relative humidity sensor and
Absolute humidity sensor. DHT11 is a digital temperature and
humidity sensor.
• DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and
humidity. This sensor can be easily interfaced with any micro-
controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure humidity
and temperature instantaneously.
• DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor
and as a module. The difference between this sensor and module
is the pull-up resistor and a power-on LED. DHT11 is a relative
humidity sensor. To measure the surrounding air this sensor uses
a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor.
 Applications
• This sensor is used in various applications such as measuring
humidity and temperature values in heating, ventilation and air
conditioning systems. Weather stations also use these sensors to
predict weather conditions. The humidity sensor is used as a
preventive measure in homes where people are affected by
humidity. Offices, cars, museums, greenhouses and industries use
this sensor for measuring humidity values and as a safety measure.
• It’s compact size and sampling rate made this sensor popular
among hobbyists. Some of the sensors which can be used as an
alternative to DHT11 sensor are DHT22, AM2302, SHT71.
Circuit Diagram
Code
Results