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GPS GeoXT

The document outlines a GPS training program provided by the Information Center for the Environment at UC Davis, aimed at equipping participants with the skills needed for the Drinking Water Source Assessment Program. It covers fundamental GPS concepts, the operational use of the Trimble GeoXT device, and the importance of accurate data collection for public drinking water sources in California. Additionally, it discusses GPS accuracy factors, applications, and the significance of satellite geometry in determining position accuracy.

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6 views35 pages

GPS GeoXT

The document outlines a GPS training program provided by the Information Center for the Environment at UC Davis, aimed at equipping participants with the skills needed for the Drinking Water Source Assessment Program. It covers fundamental GPS concepts, the operational use of the Trimble GeoXT device, and the importance of accurate data collection for public drinking water sources in California. Additionally, it discusses GPS accuracy factors, applications, and the significance of satellite geometry in determining position accuracy.

Uploaded by

s.ravikantsharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Global Positioning

System

GeoXT Training
January 20, 2003
Training Provided by

Information Center for the Environment


University of California, Davis

Instructor:

Sky Harrison
SWAP Training Objectives

Provide sufficient written, hands-on, and field


training to fulfill the GPS component of the
Drinking Water Source Assessment Program

• Obtain general knowledge of fundamental GPS concepts


• Become familiar with the basics of operations of the Trimble GeoXT
• Become comfortable with the GPS data collection process designed for the
SWAP program
DHS Objectives

• Collect accurate locations for all public


drinking water sources in California
• Integrate data collection into normal daily
work routine
• Standardize data collection
• Make it easy!
What is GPS?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a precise worldwide


radio-navigation system, and consists of a constellation of
satellites and their ground stations, operated and maintained by
the US Department of Defense (DoD).
How Does it Work?

The GPS Segments

Space
User

Colorado Springs

Control
Space Segment
24 satellites in 6 inclined orbits
4 satellites per orbit - 12 hour revolutions
12,600 miles (20,000 km) altitude
Control Segment
– Managed by the U.S. Air Force
– 4 monitoring and 3 upload stations
– Daily ephemeris (location) updates
– Transmits clock and orbit corrections
– Disable use of satellites
– Degrade accuracy of the signals

US
Air
Force
User Segment

U.S. Military
Civilian shipping
Scientific high accuracy
applications
Resource managers (GIS
data capture)
Survey and mapping
control
What is GPS Used For?
Applications
Point Features
Line and Area Features
Navigation
GIS Data Capture
Point Features
•Nest trees •Cultural sites
•Survey monuments •Wells
•Fence corners •Helispots
•Trail markers •Photo points
•Instream structures •Hazard sites
•Search and rescue •Vehicles
•Monitoring devices
•Reference points
Line and Area Features

•Roads •Fences
•Trails •Timber sale units
•Fire perimeters •Stream channels
•Cultural sites •Vegetation type
•Campgrounds •Riparian area
Navigation

• Relocate points of interest with known


coordinates
• Locate mapped features using projected or
estimated coordinates
Spatial Data Recording
Method used depends on feature type
– Point Feature
• Calculates the average of all positions
– Line Feature
• Each position joined to the next in time sequence
• Calculates the length
– Area (polygon) Feature
• Joins each position to the next in time sequence
• Joins the last position to the first
• Calculates the area
GIS Data Capture

• Tag GPS positions with feature and attribute data


• Define features of interest prior to field work
• Collect data in a GIS-compatible format
• Generate all files needed to drive GIS data loading
• Allow selective output to GIS based on feature
name or attribute values
Data Dictionaries
Data dictionaries are a key in the process of describing the
object or objects to be mapped, referred to as “features.”
Descriptions of these features can add great value to the
positional data collected.

Feature
Attribute Value
PWS-4010001
PS-Code 32S/13E-17K01 M
Source Number 001
Date 12/13/99
Trilateration from satellites
to determine position

Satellite positions in space are known


Measuring the distance to a
satellite

Determination of the
“pseudo” range is done
by measuring travel time
of GPS radio signals
traveling at the speed of
light.
Pseudo Range Trilateration

n c e =
dist a
miles
1 8 6 ,000
t im ex nd
p s e d e c o
Ela per s
The distance (x) from
one satellite tells us

s
we're located

il e
xm
somewhere on the
surface of an
imaginary sphere
centered on that
satellite with a radius
of x.
Distance measurements from two satellites limits our
location to the intersection of two spheres, which is a
circle.
A third
measurement
narrows our
location to just
two points.
A fourth
measurement
determines
which point is
our true location
GPS Position Accuracy

Many factors can affect the accuracy of GPS data. Accuracy


can range from 1 centimeter to over 40 meters

Significant Parameters:

•Number of visible satellites •Satellite Clock Errors


•Satellite Geometry •Ephemeris Errors
•Occupation time •Atmospheric Effects
•Multipath •Receiver Errors
•Operator knowledge and awareness
Satellite Geometry
HDOP (Horizontal Dilution Of Precision)
Using satellites from the 4 compass
quadrants will provide a good
Horizontal solution (Low HDOP).

Using satellites from only 1 or 2


quadrants will provide a poor
Horizontal solution (HIGH HDOP).
Satellite Geometry
VDOP (Vertical Dilution Of Precision)
Using satellites well spread out
in the sky will provide a good
Vertical Solution (Low VDOP).

Using only satellites which are


located low on the horizon will
result in a poor Vertical
Solution (HIGH VDOP).
Satellite Geometry
PDOP (Position Dilution Of Precision)
PDOP is the combination of both the Horizontal
and Vertical components of position error caused
by satellite geometry.

PDOP Values
2-4 = Excellent
4-6 = Good
6-8 = Fair
8-10 = Poor
10-12 = Marginal
above 12 PDOP is
too High Do Not Use
Selective Availability (S/A)
DISCOUNTINUED MAY 1, 2000

Intentionally degraded accuracy


controlled by the Department of Defense
• It was the worst source of error
• Artificial clock and ephemeris (locational) errors were
introduced to throw system off
• Prevented hostile forces from accessing the most accurate GPS
capability
GPS Position Accuracy
General Statement of Accuracy:

Taking all of the error sources into account, GPS accuracy


will be approximately 10 meters for most GPS units.
However, any given position may result in accuracy as low
as 5 meters or up to 40 meters.

** Selective Availability OFF


No Post-processed or Real-time Differential Correction
Increasing GPS
Accuracy through
Differential Correction

Rover or Remote
(unknown)
Base Station (known)
Community Base Stations

• Semi-Permanent base station for differential


correction
• Automated data collection
• Multiple rovers within 300 mile radius can
use data
• Internet access to base files
• 12-channel receiver
Uncorrected File
18 meter accuracy from known position

Any one point could


Precision: be inaccurate by 40
50% of points Meters.
within 25 meter
radius circle

average GPS
position
Known position
approx. 180 seconds
1 point per second
File After Differential Correction
1-5 meter accuracy from known position using GeoExplorer III

Precision:
50% of points
within 5 meter
radius circle

average GPS
position
Known position

approx. 180 seconds


1 point per second
Limiting Factors
Dense canopy

Steep topography

Large and numerous structures

Microwave antenna interference


Thank You
Sky Harrison
Information Center for the Environment
University of California, Davis

http://ice.ucdavis.edu

Phone: (530) 752-0532


Email: [email protected]

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