T-Test for Dependent

Samples
(Paired Samples T-Test)
ISAIAH EUGENE G. PEJI
Student, PhD in Psychology
Advanced Psychological Statistics I
Table of
Contents
 Table of Contents
• Introduction of the Statistical Tool / Test
• Purpose / Uses of the Test
• Data Analysis
• Formula and Definition
• Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation
of Results
• Sample Problems
• References
Introduction of
the Statistical
Tool
 Introduction of the
Statistical Tool
The paired sample t-test, sometimes called
the dependent sample t-test, is a statistical
procedure used to determine whether the mean
difference between two sets of observations is
zero.

In a paired sample t-test, each subject or entity

is measured twice, resulting in pairs of
observations.
 Purpose /
Uses of the Test
 Purpose / Uses of the Test
Common applications of the paired sample t-
test include case-control studies or
repeated-measures designs.

Suppose you are interested in evaluating the

effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Art Therapy
(MBAT) that deals with stress reduction of
inpatients in a child psychiatric hospital.
 Purpose / Uses of the Test
One approach you might consider would be to
measure the stress level of inpatients before
and after completing the MBAT, and analyze the
differences using a paired sample t-test.
Data Analysis
 Data Analysis
1. Hypothesis

(1) The null hypothesis and;

(2) The alternative hypothesis.

a. The Null Hypothesis

It assumes that the true mean difference

between the paired samples is zero.
 Data Analysis
a. The Null Hypothesis

Under this model, all observable differences are

explained by random variation.

Conversely, the alternative hypothesis assumes

that the true mean difference between the
paired samples is not equal to zero.
 Data Analysis
a. The Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis (H0) assumes that the

true mean difference (μd) is equal to zero.
 Data Analysis
b. The Alternative Hypothesis

It can take one of several forms depending on

the expected outcome.

Otherwise, an upper-tailed or lower-tailed

hypothesis can be used to increase the power of
the test.

The null hypothesis remains the same for each

 Data Analysis
b. The Alternative Hypothesis

The two-tailed alternative hypothesis (H1)

assumes that μd is not equal to zero.

The upper-tailed alternative hypothesis (H1)

assumes that μd is greater than zero.

The lower-tailed alternative hypothesis (H1)

assumes that μd is less than zero.
 Data Analysis
The mathematical representations of the null
and alternative hypotheses are defined below:

H0: μd = 0

H1: μd ≠ 0 (two-tailed)

H1: μd > 0 (upper-tailed)

H1: μd < 0 (lower-tailed)

 Data Analysis
2. Assumptions

As a parametric procedure, the paired sample t-

test makes several assumptions.

Although t-tests are quite robust, it is good

practice to evaluate the degree of deviation
from these assumptions in order to assess the
quality of the results.
 Data Analysis
2. Assumptions

In a paired sample t-test, the observations are

defined as the differences between two sets of
values, and each assumption refers to these
differences, not the original data values.
 Data Analysis
2. Assumptions

The paired sample t-test has four main

assumptions:

1. The dependent variable must be continuous

(interval/ratio).
2. The observations are independent of one
another.
3. The dependent variable should be approximately
normally distributed.
 Data Analysis
2. Assumptions

The paired sample t-test has four main

assumptions:

1. The dependent variable must be continuous

(interval/ratio).
2. The observations are independent of one
another.
3. The dependent variable should be approximately
normally distributed.
 Data Analysis
2. Assumptions

The paired sample t-test has four main

assumptions:

1. The dependent variable must be continuous

(interval/ratio).
2. The observations are independent of one
another.
3. The dependent variable should be approximately
normally distributed.
 Data Analysis
2. Assumptions

The paired sample t-test has four main

assumptions:

1. The dependent variable must be continuous

(interval/ratio).
2. The observations are independent of one
another.
3. The dependent variable should be approximately
normally distributed.
Formula and
Definition
 Formula and Definition

For the formula, the symbols to be used are defined

below:
 Formula and Definition

The procedure for a paired sample t-test can be

summed up in four steps.

Step 1. Calculate the sample mean.

Step 2. Calculate the sample standard deviation.

 Formula and Definition

Step 3. Calculate the test statistic.

Step 4. Calculate the probability of observing the test

statistic under the null hypothesis.

This value is obtained by comparing t to a t-

distribution with (n − 1) degrees of freedom.
T- Table
 Presentation,
Analysis, and
Interpretation of
Results
 Presentation, Analysis,
Interpretation of Results
Sample Framework

Sample Research Design

A quasi-experimental approach was employed,

specifically the One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design.
 Presentation, Analysis,
Interpretation of Results
Sample Participants

30 child inpatient from a psychiatric hospital

Sample Measure

Perceived Stress Scale - 10 (Dr. Sheldon Cohen)

 Presentation, Analysis,
Interpretation of Results
Sample Procedures

1. Pretest (PSS-10)
2. Intervention (MBAT 1 to 3)
• Pre-session and Orientation
• MBAT Session 1: Exploring the Mind and Body Relationship
• MBAT Session 2: Feeling Vocabulary
• MBAT Session 3: Stressful Events Pictures
• Post-session and Termination
3. Posttest (PSS-10)
 Presentation, Analysis,
Interpretation of Results
Sample Data Analysis

To test the normality of data, Shapiro-Wilk Test of

normality was used.

To analyze the difference between the pretest and

posttest scores of participants, Paired Samples T-Test
were used.
 Presentation, Analysis,
Interpretation of Results
Sample Data Analysis

There are two types of significance to consider when

interpreting the results of a paired sample t-test,
statistical significance and practical significance.

For the statistical significance, the results of Paired

Samples T-Test were used, To accompany that result
and to measure the practical significance of
MBAT, Hedges’ G was used to measure effect size.
 Presentation, Analysis,
Interpretation of Results
Sample Interpertation and Results
Table 1. Measures of Normality
Tests of Normality
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig.
Pretest .945 30 .565
Posttest .900 30 .159

On pretest scores, the Shapiro-Wilk Test indicated that the score was
normally distributed, W(30) = 0.945, p = 0.565.

While on posttest scores, the Shapiro-Wilk Test also indicated that

the score was normally distributed, W(30) = 0.900, p = .159.
 Presentation, Analysis,
Interpretation of Results
Sample Interpertation and Results
Table 2. Measures of Stress
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pretest 23.3333 30 3.36650 .97183
Posttest 15.5833 30 3.57919 1.03322

The univariate descriptive statistics, specifically, the mean, sample

size, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean. There were
thirty participants who completed the experiment and successfully
rated the PSS-10, with an average stress level of 23.33 for the
pretest and an average stress level of 15.58 for the posttest.
 Presentation, Analysis,
Interpretation of Results
Sample Interpertation and Results
Table 3. Summary Measures of Stress (Pretest & Posttest)
Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Std. Error Difference
Mean SD Mean Lower Upper t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Pretest -
Posttest 7.75 3.47 1.00095 5.54693 9.95307 7.743 30 .001

The test indicated that PSS-10 scores of participants were

significantly higher for the pretest scores (M = 23.33, SD = 3.37)
than posttest scores (M = 15.58, SD = 3.58), t(30) = 7.74, p < .001.
 Presentation, Analysis,
Interpretation of Results
Sample Interpertation and Results
Table 4. Measures of Magnitude
Paired Samples Effect Sizes
95%
Confidence
Interval
Standardizera Point Estimate Lower
Pretest - Posttest Hedges' G Correction 3.59146 0.89 1.101

The effect size for this experiment was analyzed using Hedge’s G
correction (g = 0.89, 95% CI [1.14, 1.01]).
Sample Problem
 Sample Problem
Thirty participants undergo Mindfulness-Based
Cognitive Therapy to reduce stress..

PSS-10 was utilized as an instrument.

Interpretation of PSS-10
PSS-10 Total Score Interpretation
0 to 13 Low Perceived Stress
14 to 26 Moderate Perceived Stress
27 to 40 High Perceived Stress
 Sample Problem
Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest

35 11 30 4 34 6
39 5 29 3 27 2
32 13 31 10 31 4
27 2 37 0 37 7
34 0 27 15 35 15
40 14 39 11 38 14
38 8 28 12 29 10
28 9 40 8 32 5
33 12 33 1 30 6
36 1 36 9 39 7
References
 References
Allen, M. (2017). One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design. The SAGE
Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods. doi:
10.4135/9781483381411.n388

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure

of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,
24(4), 385–396. doi: 10.2307/2136404

Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality Tests for Statistical

Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians.
International Journal of Endocrinology Metabolism, 10(2), 486-
489. doi: 10.5812/ijem.3505
 References
Kim, J. (2015). How to Choose the Level of Significance: A
Pedagogical Note. Munich Personal RePEc Archive,
66373(2015).
https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/66373/1/MPRA_paper_66
373.pdf

Mishra, P., Pandey, C., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A.
(2019). Descriptive Statistics and Normality Tests for Statistical
Data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67-72. doi:
10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18

McCluskey, A., & Lalkhen, A. (2007). Statistics IV: Interpreting the

results of statistical tests. Continuing Education in
Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain, 7(6), 208-212. doi:
10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkm042
 References
Pek, J., & Flora, D. (2018). Reporting effect sizes in original
psychological research: A discussion and tutorial. Psychological
Methods, 23(2), 208-225. doi: 10.1037/met0000126

Razali, N., & Wah, Y. (2011). Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk,

Kolmogorov- Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests.
Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics, 2(1), 21-33. ISBN
978-967-363-157-5
 T-Test for Dependent
Samples
(Paired Samples T-Test)
ISAIAH EUGENE G. PEJI
Student, PhD in Psychology
Advanced Psychological Statistics I