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Ch01 - Lecture 1 Introduction To Digital Systems

The document outlines the course details for Digital Logic Design 1 (CEN 211), including credit hours, instructor information, and the textbook used. It covers fundamental concepts of digital systems, information representation, digital computers, embedded systems, and the design process for combinational digital circuits. Key topics include abstraction layers in computer systems design and the steps involved in the digital design process.

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19 views19 pages

Ch01 - Lecture 1 Introduction To Digital Systems

The document outlines the course details for Digital Logic Design 1 (CEN 211), including credit hours, instructor information, and the textbook used. It covers fundamental concepts of digital systems, information representation, digital computers, embedded systems, and the design process for combinational digital circuits. Key topics include abstraction layers in computer systems design and the steps involved in the digital design process.

Uploaded by

reve8ls
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Logic design 1 (CEN 211)

Credit Hours : 3+1

Dr. Khursheed Aurangzeb

Text Book: Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals


By M. Morris Mano & Charles R. Kime

5th Ed. 2015, Pearson Education


Course Details

Course number and name:


 CEN 211, Digital Logic Design (I)

Credits and contact hours:

 3 (3, 0, 1)

 11:00 am to 11:50 am, Sun, Tue, Thur.

Room: B 82 (Lecture)
 02:00 am to 02:50 am, Mon. Room: B 82

(Tutorial)
Instructor’s name and email ID:

 Dr. Khursheed Aurangzeb

[email protected]
Chapter 1: Digital Systems and Information

Information Representation:
The digital systems (DS) process data, which
represents a broad range of information from
physical world
The information could be continuous
(temperature, pressure etc) and discrete
(busines records, number of cars at a signal etc)
Temperature measured by a sensor is
continuous which is converted into an electrical
voltage (analogue)
Information Representation

 In order to store or process any analogue


signal by a DS, it must first be converted to
discrete and then digital signal

 The digital signal is represented in the form


of binary digits (bits)

 A binary digit is called a bit.


Information Representation

 Information is represented in digital


computers by groups of bits

 The program instructions can be specified


using groups of bits (properly arranged)

 The data to be processed by a digital systems


is represented in the form of groups of bits
The Digital Computer

 A block diagram of a digital computer is


shown below
The Digital Computer

 The memory stores programs as well as input,


output, and intermediate data.

 The datapath performs arithmetic and other


data-processing operations as specified by the
program.

 The control unit supervises the flow of


information between the various units.

 The combination of datapath and control unit is


called the central processing unit, or CPU
The Digital Computer

 The program/data is transferred into memory by


means of an input device such as a keyboard. An
output device, such as monitor, displays the
results of the computations and presents them to
the
user.

 Various input/output devices includes DVD drives,


USB flash drives, scanners, and printers.

 The input devices could be both analogue and


digital circuits/components
The Digital Computer

 The control unit (CU) in the CPU retrieves the


instructions, one by one, from the program stored in
the memory.

 For each instruction, the CU manipulates datapath to


execute the operation specified by the instruction.

 A digital computer perform arithmetic computations,


manipulate strings of alphabetic characters, and can
be programmed to make decisions based on internal
and external conditions.
The Embedded Systems

 Other than computers, there are less powerful, single-


chip computers called microcomputers,
microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs),
which are more prevalent in our lives.

 These computers are parts of everyday products and


their presence is often not apparent. As a
consequence of being integral parts of other products
and often enclosed within them, they are called
embedded
systems.
The Embedded Systems

 A generic block diagram of an embedded


system is shown below
Embedded Systems in our Environment?

 Examples of embedded systems in our living environment are a cell


phone, an iPod™, a digital camera, a microwave oven, washing
machine, an automobile

 In fact, a late-model automobile can contain more than 50


microcontrollers, each controlling a distinct ES
 engine control unit (ECU)
 automatic braking system (ABS)

 stability control unit (SCU)


Abstraction Layers in Computer Systems Design

 Design is the process of understanding all the relevant


constraints for a problem and arriving at a solution that balances those constraints
 The typical constraints in computer systems design are functionality, speed, cost, power, chip
area, and reliability
 Modern integrated circuits have billions of transistors—designing such a circuit with one transistor
at a time is impractical
Abstraction Layers in Computer Systems Design

 A fundamental aspect of the computer systems design process is the concept of “layers of abstraction”

 Computer systems such as the generic computer can be


viewed at several layers of abstraction from circuits to algorithms

 The higher layer of abstraction hiding the details and complexity of the layer below


Typical Layers of Abstraction
Typical Layers of Abstraction

In this course, the focus is on the layers


of abstraction
 Logic gates
 Analysis/design of combinational
 Analysis/design of sequential circuits
Digital Design Process Overview

 The steps below are the design procedure for


combinational digital circuits
 Specification: Write specification for behavior of the circuit
 Formulation: Derive the truth table or Boolean equations that
define required logical relationships btw I/O
 Optimization: Apply optimization to minimize the number of
logic gates required. Draw logic diagram
 Technology mapping: Transform the logic diagram using the
available implementation technology
 Verification: Verify the correctness of the final design
Digital Design Process Overview

 The specification can take a variety of forms, such


as text or a description in a hardware description
language (HDL)

 The formulation converts the specification into


forms that can be optimized (truth tables, Boolean
equations)

 The incomplete specification will lead to wrong


interpretation, which will results in an incorrect
truth table or Boolean expression
Digital Design Process Overview

 The optimization can be performed using any available


methods, such as algebraic manipulation, the Karnaugh
map method, or computer-based optimization programs

 In a particular application, specific criteria serve as a


guide for choosing the optimization method

 A practical design must consider constraints such as


cost of gates, maximum allowable delay of a signal
through circuit, and limitations on the fan-out of each
gate

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