Week 1

Number system

Mahfuzur Rahman Emon

1
 Number System

1 Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers

2 Relation between binary number system with other
number system
3 Representation of integer, character and floating
point numbers in binary
4 Binary Arithmetic
5 Arithmetic Operations for One’s Complement, Two’s
Complement, magnitude and sign and floating point
number
Decimal, Binary, Octal and
Hexadecimal Numbers

Most numbering system use positional

notation :
N = anrn + an-1rn-1 + … + a1r1 + a0r0

Where:
N: an integer with n+1 digits
r: base
ai ∈ {0, 1, 2, … , r-1}
Examples:
a) N = 278
r = 10 (base 10) => decimal numbers
symbol: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9 (10 different symbols)
N = 278 => n = 2;
a2 = 2; a1 = 7; a0 = 8

N = anrn + an-1rn-1 + … + a1r1 + a0r0

278 = (2 x 102) + (7 x 101) + (8 x 100)
Hundreds Tens Ones
 N = anrn + an-1rn-1 + … + a1r1 + a0r0
b) N = 10012
r = 2 (base-2) => binary numbers
symbol: 0, 1 (2 different symbols)
N = 10012 => n = 3;
a3 = 1; a2 = 0; a1 = 0; a0 = 1
10012 = (1 x 23)+(0 x 22)+(0 x 21)+(1 x 20)

c) N = 2638
r = 8 (base-8) => Octal numbers
symbol : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
(8 different symbols)
N = 2638 => n = 2; a2 = 2; a1 = 6; a0 = 3
2638 = (2 x 82) + (6 x 81) + (3 x 80)
d) N = 26316
r = 16 (base-16) => Hexadecimal numbers
symbol : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, A, B, C, D, E, F
(16 different symbols)

N = 26316 => n = 2;
a2 = 2; a1 = 6; a0 = 3

26316 = (2 x 162)+(6 x 161)+(3 x 160)

 Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
16 10000 20 10

There are also non-positional numbering systems.

Example: Roman Number System
1987 = MCMLXXXVII
 Relation between binary number
system and others

Binary and Decimal

• Converting a decimal number into binary (decimal 🡪
binary)
✔ Divide the decimal number by 2 and take its remainder
✔ The process is repeated until it produces the result of 0
✔ The binary number is obtained by taking the remainder from
the bottom to the top
Example: Decimal 🡪 Binary

5310 =>
53 / 2 = 26 remainder 1
26 / 2 = 13 remainder 0
13 / 2 = 6 remainder 1
6 / 2 = 3 remainder 0
3 / 2 = 1 remainder 1
1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1

= 1101012 (6 bits)
= 001101012 (8 bits)
(note: bit = binary digit)
0.8110 🡪 binary???

0.8110 =>
0.81 x 2 = 1.62
0.62 x 2 = 1.24
0.24 x 2 = 0.48

0.48 x 2 = 0.96
0.96 x 2 = 1.92
0.92 x 2 = 1.84
= 0.1100112 (approximately)
Converting a binary number into decimal

Multiply each bit in the binary number

with the weight (or position)
Add up all the results of the
multiplication performed
The desired decimal number is the
total of the multiplication results
performed
 Example: Binary 🡪 Decimal
a)111001.11012
=(1x25) + (1x24) + (1x23) + (0x22) + (0x21)
+ (1x20)+ (1x2-1)+ (1x2-2)+(0x2-3)+(1x2-4)
= 32+16+8+0+0+1+0.5+0.25+0+0.0625
= 57.812510

b)000110102
= 24 + 23 +21
= 16 + 8 + 2
= 2610
 Binary and Octal
• From the stated theorem, the following is
a binary-octal conversion table.
Binary Octal Map using “421”
000 0
001 1 In a computer system,
010 2 the conversion from
011 3 binary to octal or
100 4 otherwise is based on
101 5 the conversion table
110 6 above.
111 7
3 digits in base-2 (binary) is equivalent to 1 digit in base-8 (octal)
Convert these binary numbers into octal numbers:
(a) 001011112 (8 bits) (b) 111101002 (8 bits)

Refer to the binary-octal Refer to the binary-octal

conversion table, using (421) conversion table, using (421)
000 101 111 011 110 100
0 5 7 3 6 4

= 578 = 3648
Binary and Hexadecimal
Binary Hexadecimal
0000 0
0001 1 Example: Use 7421
0010 2
0011 3 1.Convert the following binary
0100 4 numbers into hexadecimal numbers:
0101 5
0110 6 (a) 001011112
0111 7
1000 8 Refer to the binary-hexadecimal
1001 9 conversion table above
1010 A
1011 B 0010 11112 = 2F16
1100 C
1101 D 2 F
1110 E
1111 F
Example: Octal 🡪 Hexadecimal
Convert the following octal numbers into
hexadecimal numbers (16 bits)using, 7421
(a) 658 (b) 1238
Refer to the binary-octal conversion table Refer to the binary-octal conversion table

68 58 18 28 38
110 101 001 010 011
0000 0000 0011 01012 0000 0000 0101 00112
0 0 3 5 0 0 5 3
= 3516 = 5316
Example: Hexadecimal 🡪 Binary

Convert the following hexadecimal

numbers into binary numbers
(a) 12B16 (b) ABCD16

Refer to the binary-hexadecimal conversion table Refer to the binary-hexadecimal conversion table

1 2 B16 A B C D16

0001 0010 10112 (12 bits) 1010 1011 1101 11102

= 0001001010112 = 10101011110111102
Exercise 1
• Binary 🡪 decimal
• 001100
• 11100.011
• Decimal 🡪 binary
• 145
• 34.75
• Octal 🡪 hexadecimal
• 56558
Exercise 2
• Binary 🡪 decimal
• 110011.10011
• Decimal 🡪 binary
• 25.25
• Octal 🡪 hexadecimal
• 128
Ones Complement
• In the ones complement representation, positive
numbers are same as that of sign-and-magnitude
Example: +5 = 00000101 (8 bit)
⇒ as in sign-and-magnitude representation

• Sign-and-magnitude and ones complement use the

same representation above for +5 with 8 bits and
all positive numbers.
• For negative numbers, their representation are
obtained by changing bit 0 → 1 and 1 → 0 from
their positive numbers
Example:

Convert –5 into ones complement

representation (8 bit)
Solution:
• First, obtain +5 representation in 8 bits
⇒ 00000101
• Change every bit in the number from 0 to
1 and vice-versa.
• –510 in ones complement is 111110102
Exercise:

Get the representation of ones complement (6

bit) for the following numbers:

i) +710 ii) –1010

Solution: Solution:

(+7) = 0001112 (+10)10 = 0010102

So,
(-10)10 = 1101012
Two’s complement

• Similar to ones complement, its positive number

is same as sign-and-magnitude
• Representation of its negative number is
obtained by adding 1 to the ones complement of
the number.
Example:

Convert –5 into twos complement representation

and give the answer in 8 bits.

Solution:
✔First, obtain +5 representation in 8 bits ⇒
000001012
✔Obtain one’s complement for –5
⇒ 111110102
✔Add 1 to the ones complement number:
⇒ 111110102 + 12 = 111110112
✔–5 in two’s complement is 111110112
Exercise:
• Obtain representation of twos complement (6 bit)
for the following numbers
i) +710 ii)–1010

Solution: Solution:

(+10) 10 = 0010102
(+7) = 0001112
(same as sign-magnitude)
(-10) 10 = 1101012 + 12
= 1101102
So, twos compliment for –10 is
1101102
Exercise:
Obtain representation for the following
numbers
Decimal Sign-magnitude Twos complement
+7
+6
4 bits
-4
-6
-7
+18
-18 8 bits
-13
Binary Arithmetics
1. Addition ( + )
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 10
1 + 1 + 1 = (1 + 1) + 1 = 10 + 1 = 112

Example:
i. 0101112 + 0111102 = 1101012
ii. 1000112 + 0111002 = 1111112
Example:
i. 0101112 - 0011102 = 0010012

ii. 1000112 - 0111002 = 0001112

Exercise:
i. 1000100 – 010010 v. 110111 + 001101
ii. 1010100 + 1100 vi. 111000 + 1100110
iii. 110100 – 1001 vii. 110100 x 10
iv. 11001 x 11 viii. 11001 - 1110
Arithmetic Operations for One’s Complement, Two’s
Complement, sign-and-magnitude and floating point number

Addition and subtraction for signed

integers

Reminder: All subtraction operations will

be changed into addition operations
Example: 8 – 5 = 8 + (–5)
–10 + 2 = (–10) + 2
6 – (–3) = 6 + 3
 Steps to do arithmetic operation

• Two’s complement for negative values

• Make total number of digit according to the
power of 2.
• Add all the values
• Ignore the overflow bit
• If the sign bit is 1, then again perform two’s
complement. Sign bit 1 means the value is
negative.

Look at the board!!!