Network Theory

A.C. Network Analysis

Text/Reference Books:
• Circuit theory (A. Chakrabarti), Dhanpat Rai & Co.
• A textbook of Electrical Technology- I (B.L. Theraja &
A.K. Theraja), S. Chand
• Basic Electrical Engineering (Abhijit Chakrabarti,
Sudipta Nath, Chandan Kumar Chanda) , Tata McGraw
Hill
 MESH ANALYSIS

Applying KVL to the three loops, we get:

Prob.: Find the drop across 2 Ω resistor in the circuit using mesh analysis

Current through the 2 Ω

resistor =I1 - I2

Applying KVL at the right hand loop, we get:

Now, Voltage drop across 2 Ω resistor is 2(I1 – I2)

Hence, Vdrop (2Ω) = 2 (I1-I2)
Prob.: What is the value of V2 such that the current in (2+j 3) Ω
impedance is zero? Use mesh analysis.
Prob.: Find the current through ZL using mesh analysis for the circuit
shown:

So, Current through ZL=0

 Practice problems:
1. Develop mesh equations for the network
shown in fig.1 and find the power absorbed by
the 3Ω resistor.
2. Find the mesh transformation matrix of the
network shown in fig. 2
NODAL ANALYSIS

I1 A I2

I3
Prob.:If ZL= -j2 Ω, find VL in the circuit shown using nodal analysis.

Comparing eqn. (1) and (3),

Solution:

…..(3)
Prob.: Using nodal analysis, find V1 and V2 in the circuit given.
 Practice problems:
• Find current in the j10Ω branch of the circuit in Fig. 1
using Nodal method
• Write the nodal equations for the circuit shown in Fig. 2
To be cont…
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

“Any active, two terminal, linear network can be replaced by an

equivalent voltage source (Vth) in series with an impedance (Zth),
the voltage being equal to the open circuit voltage between the
terminals and the impedance being equal to the impedance
between the terminals with load removed and all independent
sources replaced by their internal impedances.”
Prob.: Find the current through the 10Ω resistor using Thevenin’s theorem
in the network shown below:

Calculation of Vth:
Calculation of Zth :
Prob.: Find the Thevenin’s equivalent across A and B of the networks shown below:
+ -
Calculation of Zth :
+

Calculation of Vth:
Prob.: Find the Thevenin’s equivalent across A and B of the networks shown below:

Calculation of Vth:
The admittances of the branches are: The equivalent admittance,
Calculation of Zth :

Thevenin’s equivalent impedance ,

 Practice problems:
• Find the current through the impedance of (10+j 5) Ω in Fig. 1
using Thevenin’s theorem
• Find Thevenin’s equivalent network across AB in Fig. 2
To be cont…
 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
• In any network made up of linear impedances and
containing more than one source of e.m.f., the resultant
current flowing in any branch (or voltage across a
branch) is the phasor sum of the currents (or voltages)
that would be produced in that branch if each source
were considered separately, all other e.m.f. sources
being replaced for the time being, by their respective
internal impedances (if any).

Current through Z1=I1+I2

 Prob.: Find the current through j3Ω inductive reactance using the principle
of superposition.

Soln:
 Prob.: Find the current through 5Ω resistor using the principle
of superposition.

Soln:
 Practice problems:
• Find current in the resistor (RL) using the principle of
superposition (Fig. 1)
• Find the current in the (-j6Ω) capacitive reactance using
superposition theorem in circuit of Fig. 2
To be cont…
 NORTON’S THEOREM

Norton’s equivalent circuit

“Any active, two terminal, linear network can be replaced by an

equivalent constant current source (IN) in parallel with an
impedance (Zth), the constant current source being equal to the
current which flows in a short circuit placed across the terminals
and the parallel impedance being equal to the impedance between
the terminals with load removed and all independent sources
replaced by their internal impedances.”
Prob.: Find the current through the 1 Ω resistor in the circuit shown using
Norton’s theorem:

Solution:
Calculation of IN
Calculation of ZN

So, the current through the 1 ohm

resistor

Fig. Norton’s equivalent circuit

Prob.: Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit across x-y
Calculation of Zth:
Prob.: Find the current through the 10Ω resistor using Norton’s theorem in the
circuit shown below:

Calculation of ZN:
Calculation of IN:
 Practice problems:
•Find the Norton’s equivalent across AB in Fig. 1
•Find Norton’s equivalent network across AB in Fig. 2
 Maximum power transfer theorem
• In a linear network having energy sources and impedances,
maximum amount of power is transferred from source to load
impedance if the load impedance is the complex conjugate of
the total impedance of the network, i.e., if the source
impedance is (Rg± jXg)Ω, to have maximum power transfer, the
load impedance must be
Prob.: What should be the value of Z L so that maximum power is transferred
from source to load?
 Prob.: What should be the value of RL so that maximum power is transferred
from source to load? What is the value of the maximum power?

Solution:
 Practice problems:
• What will be the value of the load impedance (p.f. 0.8
lagging) to draw maximum power from the source in Fig. 1?
Also find the power developed in the load and the power loss
in the source.
• Find the value of load impedance (RL-jXC) to be connected
which would result in maximum power transfer (Fig.2) from
source to load.
 Reciprocity theorem
In any branch of a network, the current (I) due to a single source
of voltage (V) elsewhere in the network is equal to the current
through the branch in which the source was originally placed in
the branch in which the current (I) was originally placed.

Limitation of this theorem:

• It is applicable only to single source networks and not in
multisource networks.
•Network should be linear (May contain R,L,C)
•Network should not contain any time varying element
Prob.: Show the application of reciprocity theorem in the
network given:
 Reciprocity theorem for a.c network:
For a linear network containing generators and impedances, the ratio
of a voltage V introduced in one loop to the current I produced in any
other loop is the same as the ratio of voltage and current obtained if
the position of voltage source V and the current measured are
interchanged.
i.e. if an ideal voltage source and an ideal ammeter are inter-changed,
the ammeter reading would remain the same.

Also, if the source is a current source (between nodes 1 and 2)that

causes a certain potential difference (V) between two nodes(3 and 4)
in the circuit, then, shifting the current source to nodes 3 and 4 causes
the same voltage V between nodes 1 and 2.
i.e. interchange of an ideal current source and an ideal voltmeter
in any linear bilateral network does not change the voltmeter reading.
Prob.: Verify the reciprocity theorem in the two circuits shown in Fig. (a)
and (b) below:
Prob.: In Fig. (a) and (b) obtain VO and establish the reciprocity
theorem.
 Practice problem:

Prob.: Verify the reciprocity theorem in the two circuits shown in Fig. (a)
and (b) below:
 Compensation theorem
“In a linear time-invariant network when the resistance R
(impedance Z) of a branch, carrying current (I), is changed by
∆R (∆Z), the currents in all the branches would change and
can be obtained by assuming that an ideal voltage source of
(VC) has been connected [such that VC=I.∆R (VC=I.∆Z)] in
series with (R+ ∆R) (Z+ ∆Z) when all other sources in the
network are replaced by their internal resistances. ”
[The source voltage (VC) (also known as compensating
voltage) opposes the original current]
Compensation theorem is useful to study the changes in
voltages and currents of a circuit when the resistance
(impedance) of any of the branches is changed.
 Prob.: Calculate the values of new currents in the network
illustrated in the circuit below when the resistor R3 is increased
by 30 %

The compensating currents produced by this voltage are as shown in Fig.(a) .

When these currents are added to the original currents in their respective
branches the new current distribution becomes as shown in Fig. b
Prob. : Consider the circuit below and find the change in current in branch
AB when 15Ω resistor is changed to 24 Ω using compensation theorem.

The current supplied by the source,

The change in current in AB in Fig. a

The polarity of VC is marked to oppose the original current, I, since the

resistance has increased from 15Ω to 24 Ω
(To apply compensation theorem, the original circuit is modified as show
in Fig. a)
The current supplied by V in Fig. a,
C
 Practice problem:
Prob.: In the network shown, the 5Ω resistance is replaced by
8 Ω resistance. Apply compensation theorem to find the new
current through (3+j4) Ω impedance.
 Tellegen's theorem
In any linear, non-linear, passive, active, time variant network,
excited by alternating sources, the summation of
instantaneous or complex power is zero.
For a network excited by sinusoidal sources, if the number of
branches be “b”,

[Where vb and ib represent the instantaneous voltage and current

source at each branch]
Where considering the complex power, if Vb and Ib be the voltage
and current of each branch, as per this theorem,
where, Ib* is the complex conjugate of Ib .

It is evident that the sum of power delivered to

the network equals to sum of power absorbed
by all passive elements
Proof of the theorem:
Prob.: In the network shown, V1=10V, V2=4V, V4=6V. Also it is given
that I1=2A=I2, while I3=4A. Check the validity of Tellegen’s theorem.
Hence, the Tellegen’s theorem is verified
Prob.: In the circuit shown, check the validity of Tellegen’s theorem.

The KVL equations in matrix form:

Complex power
delivered by source =
 Practice problems:
Prob.: Verify Tellegen’s theorem for the circuits shown in Fig.
(1) and Fig.(2).
Three phase unbalanced circuit and power calculation
 Three phase unbalanced circuit and power calculation

• Loads in all the three phases

are not identical to each other
• Phase currents in delta and
phase or line currents in star
connection differ, giving rise to
neutral current.
• Due to unequal currents in each
phases, a voltage appears at the
neutral, which can be
determined as:
Practice problems