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Lecture 9 2022

The lecture covers the thermal properties of solids, focusing on thermal energy, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. It discusses the Dulong-Petit law, Fourier's law for heat conduction, and the effects of anharmonicity on thermal behavior. Additionally, it explains phonon-phonon collisions and their role in thermal conduction in solids.

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د محمد عبد الرحمن
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11 views15 pages

Lecture 9 2022

The lecture covers the thermal properties of solids, focusing on thermal energy, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. It discusses the Dulong-Petit law, Fourier's law for heat conduction, and the effects of anharmonicity on thermal behavior. Additionally, it explains phonon-phonon collisions and their role in thermal conduction in solids.

Uploaded by

د محمد عبد الرحمن
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solid state physics

Dr. Muneera Alomar

9th lecture
Phys 371 T, 3 Credit

10/03/2022
Thermal properties
yj of solids
Thermal properties
yj of solids
Thermal energy and
y j lattice vibrations

• Atoms vibrate about their equilibrium position.


• They produce vibrational waves.
• This motion increases as the temperature is raised.

In solids, the energy associated with this vibration and perhaps also with the rotation
of atoms and molecules is called thermal energy.

Note: In a gas, the translational motion of atoms and molecules contribute to this
energy.
Plot of Cv asyaj function of T

Specific heat at constant volume depends on temperature as shown in the figure below.
At high temperatures the value of Cv is close to 3R, where R is the universal gas
constant. Since R is approximately 2 cal/K-mole, at high temperatures Cv is app. 6
cal/K-mole.
This range usually includes RT. From the figure it is seen
Cv
that Cv is equal to 3R at high temperatures regardless of the
substance.
3R
This fact is known as Dulong-Petit law. This law states
that specific heat of a given number of atoms of any solid is
independent of temperature and is the same for all materials.

TK
Thermal Conductivity
yj
Fourier’s Law fory jHeat Conduction
Q (heat flow)

Hot Cold
Th Tc
L

Th  Tc
Q dTkA 
kA
L
dx
Heat Diffusion
y j Equation

1st law (energy conservation)

Heat conduction = Rate of change of energy storage

2 T T
k C
2 x t
•Conditions: Specific heat

t >> T  scattering mean free time of energy


carriers
L >> x  scattering mean free path of energy
•Breaks down for applications involving thermal transport in small length/ time
carriers
scales, e.g. nanoelectronics, nanostructures, NEMS, ultrafast laser materials
processing.
Anharmonic
y j Effects

⚫ Any real crystal resists compression to a smaller volume than its equilibrium value
more strongly than expansion due to a larger volume.
⚫ This is due to the shape of the interatomic potential curve.
⚫ This is a departure from Hooke’s law, since harmonic application does not produce this
property.
⚫ This is an anharmonic effect due to the higher order terms in potential which are
ignored in harmonic approximation.
⚫ Thermal expansion is an example to the anharmonic effect.
⚫ In harmonic approximation phonons do not interact with each other, in the absence of
boundaries, lattice defects and impurities (which also scatter the phonons), the thermal
conductivity is infinite.
⚫ In anharmonic effect phonons collide with each other and these collisions limit thermal
conductivity which is due to the flow of phonons.
Phonon-phonon
yj collisions

The coupling of normal modes by the unharmonic terms in the interatomic forces
can be pictured as collisions between the phonons associated with the modes. A typical
collision process:

phonon1 3 , k 3
1 , 1
k After collision another phonon is
produced

phonon2 2 , k2 3  1   2
k 3  k1  2

3  1  2 conservation of energy k
conservation of
k 3  k1  k 2 momentum
Phonon-phonon
yj collisions
Thermal conduction
yj by phonons

⚫ A flow of heat takes place from a hotter region to a cooler region when
there is a temperature gradient in a solid.
⚫ The most important contribution to thermal conduction comes from the flow of
phonons in an electrically insulating solid.
⚫ Transport property is an example of thermal conduction.
⚫ Transport property is the process in which the flow of some quantity occurs.
⚫ Thermal conductivity is a transport coefficient and it describes the flow.
⚫ The thermal conductivity of a phonon gas in a solid will be calculated by means
of the elementary kinetic theory of the transport coefficients of gases.
Thermal conduction
yj by phonons
Thermal conduction
yj by phonons

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