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Module 1 Lecture 2

The document covers the characteristics of sensors and actuators, detailing their functions and types, such as electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, and thermal actuators. It also explains the OSI model, including its layers and their roles in data transmission, from the physical layer to the application layer. Key concepts such as error control, addressing, and transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP are highlighted.

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15 views

Module 1 Lecture 2

The document covers the characteristics of sensors and actuators, detailing their functions and types, such as electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, and thermal actuators. It also explains the OSI model, including its layers and their roles in data transmission, from the physical layer to the application layer. Key concepts such as error control, addressing, and transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP are highlighted.

Uploaded by

savi s
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BCSE401L: Internet of Things

Module-1: Things and Internet


Lecture-2

Dr. Anisha Natarajan


Assistant Professor
School of Electronics Engineering
[email protected]
09/01/2024
Characteristics of sensors:
• Accuracy: closeness of measure value to true value
• Precision: repeatability and reproducibility when measuring
conditions do not change
• Sensitivity: ratio of change of output to change in input (minimum
input of physical parameter that will create a detectable
output change.)
• Eg: For example, a typical blood pressure transducer
may have a sensitivity rating of 10 mV/V/mm Hg; that
is, there will be a 10-mV output voltage for each volt of
excitation potential and each mm Hg of applied
pressure.
• Resolution: Smallest change in the input for which the output can be
detected.
Few other characteristics of
sensors:
• Range
• Offset
• Linearity
• Hysteresis

• Ref: https://www.ni.com/en/shop/data-acquisition/sensor-
fundamentals/sensor-terminology.html#:~:text=Dynamic
%20Linearity-,Sensitivity,create%20a%20detectable%20output
%20change.
Actuators
• Converts some form of energy into motion such as linear, rotary, and
oscillatory.
Electric Actuator:
• Electric actuator converts electrical energy of Alternating Current (AC) or
Direct Current (DC) form into kinetic energy of mechanical motion.

DC servo AC motor Stepper motor


motor
Actuators
• Pneumatic actuators: uses compressed air at high pressure and
convert this energy into motion. Eg: Air brake

Hydraulic actuator: Hydraulic actuator uses the liquid for


generating motion. Eg: hydraulic cranes

Thermal Actuator: Thermal actuator converts thermal energy into kinetic


energy. Eg: Thermostatic valves
Internet-OSI Model
• OSI (Open System Interconnection Model): standardizes the data

transfer from one computer to another.

• Service: set of operations that a layer renders to the layer above it.

• Protocol: set of rules and conventions that allow two or more entities

to interact within layer.


OSI Model
Physical Layer
• converts the frames which is the sequence of 1s (ones) and 0s (zeros) from
the data link layer and encodes them into a signal suitable for transmission
media.

• Data or transmission rate is the number of bits per second which is decided
by the physical layer.

• Transmission methods:
• Simplex

• Half duplex

• Full duplex
Data link layer
• Receives a packet from the network layer
• Framing: a packet together with MAC (media access control) addresses of source
and destination form a frame.
• MAC address: 12 digits hexadecimal number of Network Interface Card (NIC) of
the computer or laptop.
Error control in Data Link Layer-
Cyclic Redundancy Check: Example

• Let data length kb=4 and code word length be nb=6


• No. of bits to be appended = nb-kb=2
• Let data be x3+x2+1=1101, generator polynomial be x2+1=101
Network Layer

• The segments received from the transport layer is converted to data


units called packets (or IP datagrams).
• This contains source (SIPA) and destination addresses (DIPA)
• Performs logic addressing and routing
Transport Layer
• Functions: segmentation, reassembly, flow control, error control, and
connection control.
• The port number directs each segment to the correct application.
• Segment number helps in the reassembly of the segments correctly
at the receiver.
• TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols.
• Presentation Layer:
• responsible for the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted.
• The layer does translation, encryption, and compression.
• Session Layer:
• establishes and maintains connections between different
• systems at the sender and received sides. The layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization
• Application Layer:provides an interface
• Provides an interface to the user for accessing the network and allows for
email, remote file transfer, and remote desktop.
• HTTP protocol

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