SIC 2416 Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems

Lecture on INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD

COMPUTING

PROF. CHERUIYOT W.K, PHD

TTU
INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING
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• Before personal computers took off in the early 1980s, if your

company needed sales or payroll figures calculating in a hurry,
you'd most likely have bought in "data-processing" services from
another company, with its own expensive computer systems, that
specialized in number crunching;
• these days, you can do the job just as easily on your desktop
with off-the-shelf software. Or can you?
• In a striking throwback to the 1970s, many companies are
finding, once again, that buying in computer services makes
more business sense than do-it-yourself. This new trend is called
cloud computing
 What is cloud computing?
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Cloud computing means that instead of all

the computer hardware and software you're
using sitting on your desktop, or somewhere
inside your company's network, it's provided
for you as a service by another company and
accessed over the Internet, usually in a
completely seamless way.
Exactly where the hardware and software is
located and how it all works doesn't matter to
you, the user—it's just somewhere up in the
nebulous "cloud" that the Internet represents.
 Simple examples of cloud
computing
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When you sit at your PC and type a query

into Google
Web-based email
Preparing documents over the Net is a newer
example of cloud computing. Simply log on to
a web-based service such as Google
Documents and you can create a document,
spreadsheet, presentation, or whatever you
like using Web-based software
What makes cloud computing different?
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It's managed:
Most importantly, the service you use is
provided by someone else and managed on your
behalf.
If you're using Google Documents, you don't
have to worry about buying umpteen licenses
for word-processing software or keeping them
up-to-date.
Nor do you have to worry about viruses that
might affect your computer or about backing up
the files you create. Google does all that for you.
 What makes cloud computing
different?cnd..
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It's "on-demand"
Cloud services are available on-demand and
often bought on a "pay-as-you go" or
subscription basis.
So you typically buy cloud computing the
same way you'd buy electricity, telephone
services, or Internet access from a utility
company. Sometimes cloud computing is free
or paid-for in other ways
 What makes cloud computing
different?cnd..
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It's public or private

Now we all have PCs on our desks, we're used
to having complete control over our computer
systems—and complete responsibility for
them as well. Cloud computing changes all
that.
It comes in two basic flavors, public and
private, which are the cloud equivalents of
the Internet and Intranets.
 Types of cloud computing
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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Means you're buying access to raw
computing hardware over the Net, such as
servers or storage. Since you buy what you
need and pay-as-you-go, this is often referred
to as utility computing.
Ordinary web hosting is a simple example of
IaaS: you pay a monthly subscription or a
per-megabyte/gigabyte fee to have a hosting
company serve up files for your website from
their servers.
Types of cloud computing contd….
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Software as a Service (SaaS)

Means you use a complete application
running on someone else's system. Web-
based email and Google Documents are
perhaps the best-known examples. Zoho is
another well-known SaaS provider offering a
variety of office applications online.
Types of cloud computing contd….
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Platform as a Service (PaaS)

means you develop applications using Web-
based tools so they run on systems software
and hardware provided by another company.
So, for example, you might develop your own
ecommerce website but have the whole thing,
including the shopping cart, checkout, and
payment mechanism running on a merchant's
server. Force.com (from salesforce.com) and
the Google App Engine are examples of PaaS.
 Advantages of cloud computing
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Lower upfront costs and reduced

infrastructure costs.
Easy to grow your applications.
Scale up or down at short notice.
Only pay for what you use.
Everything managed under SLAs.
Overall environmental benefit (lower carbon
emissions) of many users efficiently sharing
large systems.
disadvantages of cloud computing
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Greater dependency on service providers.

Risk of being locked into proprietary or
vendor-recommended systems? How easily
can you migrate to another system or service
provider if you need to?
Potential privacy and security risks of putting
valuable data on someone else's system in an
unknown location?
Dependency on a reliable Internet
connection.
 CLOUD HOSTING
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 Hosting services that are provided to customers via

multiple connected servers that comprise a cloud,
as opposed to being provided by a single server or
virtual server.
 While security and lack of full control of data are
the most frequently cited concerns with cloud
hosting, there are numerous benefits possible with
cloud hosting, including increased reliability and
accessibility, seamless scalability and cost efficiency
 Cloud hosting is also sometimes referred to as
server on-demand hosting, cloud server hosting or
cluster server hosting.
 CLOUD HOSTING (Cloud servers)
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Traditionally, web hosting came in two flavors:

high-cost managed hosting, in which you have
your own private server (an actual computer!)
dedicated to running only your website and its
applications,
low-cost shared hosting, where your site and
apps run on a large server with a number of
other sites run by other people.
Now there's a third option, widely marketed as
cloud hosting in which your site runs on a virtual
server somewhere up in the cloud
 CLOUD SERVER SETUP
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a cloud server might be an actual computer,

but it's just as likely to be a chunk of a much
bigger machine—as with other kinds of cloud
computing, the point is that it shouldn't
matter either way to you as an end user.
Rackspace's Cloud Servers, Liquid Web's
Storm on Demand, and Amazon's Elastic
Compute Cloud (EC2) are three examples of
this kind of cloud hosting—and there are
many more.
 How do cloud servers work
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Hosting products described as "cloud

servers" are generally virtual slices of large,
physical servers running what's called
virtualization software (the most common
types being VMware® and Xen® hypervisor
for Linux and Microsoft® Hyper-V™ for
Windows).
In other words, they are effectively "virtual
servers" (entirely independent virtual
machines) running on a real, physical server.
 Cloud servers VS Shared Hosting
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virtual servers are essentially independent of

one another (though they do use the same
processors and memory), so you're not at risk
from other people's applications or websites.
 You have full root access to your virtual
server (unlike on shared hosting, where
different users' files are simply subdirectories
of a single server running a single operating
system) and your own unique IP address

 Cloud servers VS Shared Hosting
contd…
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(so, unlike with shared hosting, there is no

risk to your site if other people host "dodgy"
websites on the same machine),
 and you can reboot or reimage, as you wish
—you can even run entirely different
operating systems on the same physical
server.
 Is cloud computing really better for the
environment
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In theory, cloud computing is environmentally

friendly because it uses fewer resources
(servers, cooling systems, and all the rest)
and less energy if 10 people share an
efficiently run, centralized, cloud-based
system than if each of them run their own
inefficient local system.
A company that has embraced cloud systems
can handle more customers on far fewer
physical servers, with big savings in
equipment, maintenance, and energy costs.
Key Properties of Cloud Computing
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The key properties of Cloud computing are

User centric : This means once a user is
connected to cloud any data there, such as
images, videos, applications, becomes his
property. Not only the data but the devices
connected also becomes his and he can share it
with other users.
Task Centric : Cloud computing focus on
what one need and how application can do it for
us. Here documents are given more priority
than the applications which create them.
Key Properties of Cloud Computing cntd..
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Powerful : Powerful in the sense that as there is

large computers more computing power and mass
data storage possible.
Self Healing : Is called Self healing because hot
backups are available for every document in the
cloud. Hence if one document crashes there will
be it's duplicate ready to run.
Multi-tenancy & Intelligence: Multi-tenancy
refers to sharing of data and costs across a large
pool of users. As various data are stored in cloud
data mining and analysis are necessary for
accessing information in an intelligent manner.
Key Properties of Cloud Computing cntd..
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Programmable : Many processes in cloud

computing shall be automated such as
backing up crashed data with it's duplicate.
Hence programming is associated with cloud
computing.
Flexible : Flexible as the users may be of
different varieties and hence it has to match
with their needs.
 Essential Characteristics of Cloud
Computing
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On-demand self-service: A consumer can

unilaterally provision computing capabilities,
such as server time and network storage, as
needed automatically without requiring
human interaction with each service provider.
Broad network access: Capabilities are
available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms that promote
use by heterogeneous thin or thick client
platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets,
laptops and workstations).
 Essential Characteristics of Cloud
Computing cntd…
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Resource pooling: The provider's computing

resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model, with
different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according
to consumer demand. There is a sense of
location independence in that the customer
generally has no control or knowledge over the
exact location of the provided resources but may
be able to specify location at a higher level of
abstraction (e.g., country, state or datacenter).
Examples of resources include storage,
processing, memory and network bandwidth.
 Essential Characteristics of Cloud
Computing cntd…
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Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be

elastically provisioned and released, in some
cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward
and inward commensurate with demand.
To the consumer, the capabilities available for
provisioning often appear to be unlimited and
can be appropriated in any quantity at any
time.
 Essential Characteristics of Cloud
Computing cntd…
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Measured service: Cloud systems

automatically control and optimize resource
use by leveraging a metering capability at
some level of abstraction appropriate to the
type of service (e.g., storage, processing,
bandwidth and active user accounts).
Resource usage can be monitored, controlled
and reported, providing transparency for the
provider and consumer.
 CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICE
MODELSSoftware as a Service (SaaS)
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A delivery model where the software and the

associated data is hosted in a cloud
environment by a third party such as a cloud
service provider (CSP).
Typically the user, such as a staff member in an
agency, accesses the software on demand using
a browser on a computer or mobile device.
 The agency does not buy the software. Instead
the CSP licenses the SaaS to the agency, which
then enables multiple users to access the
software.
 CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICE
MODELSPlatform as a Service (PaaS)
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Platform as a Service is a delivery model where

a CSP provides an online software development
platform for an organization such as an agency.
The agency's developers use the CSP’s
computing environments, tools, and libraries to
create, test, manage, and host software
applications.
 By moving the entire development platform to
the CSP, agencies can lessen the cost and
management burden of application development.
 CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICE MODELS
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
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 CSPs provide the necessary hardware and software

upon which a customer can build a customized
computing environment.
 The CSP typically provides an unmanaged
environment that enable the customer, to have any
“guest” resources it needs installed: operating
systems, software bundles, storage capabilities, etc.
 The customer retains full control of the computing
environment and is responsible for configuring and
maintaining the guest operating systems and
associated applications and resources.
 The CSP, however, is responsible for maintaining all
of the physical equipment.
CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICE MODELS
Summary
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