Data Communication

Layered Architecture

Md. Biplob Hosen

Lecturer, IIT-JU
Email: [email protected]
Contents
• Layered Architecture - Overview
• OSI Model
• TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Addressing in TCP/IP
Layered Architecture
• Let us consider two
friends who
communicate through
postal mail.
• The process of sending
a letter to a friend
would be complex if
there were no services
available from the post
office.
OSI Model
• Established in 1947, the
International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated
to worldwide agreement on
international standards.
• An ISO standard that covers all
aspects of network
communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model.
• It was first introduced in the
late 1970s.
OSI Model
Physical Layer
Functionalities of Physical Layer
• Representation of Bits: Data in this layer consists of stream of bits. The bits
must be encoded into signals for transmission. It defines the type of
encoding i.e. how 0's and 1's are changed to signal.
• Data Rate: This layer defines the rate of transmission which is the number
of bits per second.
• Synchronization: It deals with the synchronization of the transmitter and
receiver. The sender and receiver are synchronized at bit level.
• Interface: The physical layer defines the transmission interface between
devices and transmission medium.
• Line Configuration: This layer connects devices with the medium: Point to
Point configuration and Multipoint configuration.
• Topologies: Devices must be connected using the following topologies:
Mesh, Star, Ring and Bus.
• Transmission Modes: Physical Layer defines the direction of transmission
between two devices: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex. Deals with
baseband and broadband transmission.
Data Link Layer
Functionalities of Data Layer
• Framing: Frames are the streams of bits received from the network layer
into manageable data units. This division of stream of bits is done by Data
Link Layer.
• Physical Addressing: The Data Link layer adds a header to the frame in
order to define physical address of the sender or receiver of the frame, if
the frames are to be distributed to different systems on the network.
• Flow Control: A flow control mechanism to avoid a fast transmitter from
running a slow receiver by buffering the extra bit is provided by flow
control. This prevents traffic jam at the receiver side.
• Error Control: Error control is achieved by adding a trailer at the end of the
frame. Duplication of frames are also prevented by using this mechanism.
Data Link Layers adds mechanism to prevent duplication of frames.
• Access Control: Protocols of this layer determine which of the devices has
control over the link at any given time, when two or more devices are
connected to the same link.
Hop to Hop Delivery
Network Layer
Functionalities of Network Layer
• It translates logical network address into physical address. Concerned
with circuit, message or packet switching.
• Routers and gateways operate in the network layer. Mechanism is
provided by Network Layer for routing the packets to final destination.
• Connection services are provided including network layer flow control,
network layer error control and packet sequence control.
• Breaks larger packets into small packets.
Source to Destination Delivery
Transport Layer
Functionalities of Transport Layer
• Service Point Addressing: Transport Layer header includes service point
address which is port address. This layer gets the message to the correct
process on the computer unlike Network Layer, which gets each packet to the
correct computer.
• Segmentation and Reassembling: A message is divided into segments; each
segment contains sequence number, which enables this layer in reassembling
the message. Message is reassembled correctly upon arrival at the destination
and replaces packets which were lost in transmission.
• Connection Control: It includes 2 types:
• Connectionless Transport Layer: Each segment is considered as an independent
packet and delivered to the transport layer at the destination machine.
• Connection Oriented Transport Layer: Before delivering packets, connection is
made with transport layer at the destination machine.
• Flow Control: In this layer, flow control is performed end to end.
• Error Control: Error Control is performed end to end in this layer to ensure
that the complete message arrives at the receiving transport layer without any
Process to Process Delivery of a Message
Session Layer
Functionalities of Session Layer
• Dialog Control: This layer allows two systems to start communication
with each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.
• Token Management: This layer prevents two parties from attempting the
same critical operation at the same time.
• Synchronization: This layer allows a process to add checkpoints which
are considered as synchronization points into stream of data. Example: If
a system is sending a file of 800 pages, adding checkpoints after every 50
pages is recommended. This ensures that 50 page unit is successfully
received and acknowledged. This is beneficial at the time of crash as if a
crash happens at page number 110; there is no need to retransmit 1 to
100 pages.
Presentation Layer
Functionalities of Presentation Layer
• Translation: Before being transmitted, information in the form of
characters and numbers should be changed to bit streams. The
presentation layer is responsible for interoperability between encoding
methods as different computers use different encoding methods. It
translates data between the formats the network requires and the
format the computer.
• Encryption: It carries out encryption at the transmitter and decryption at
the receiver.
• Compression: It carries out data compression to reduce the bandwidth of
the data to be transmitted. The primary role of Data compression is to
reduce the number of bits to be 0transmitted. It is important in
transmitting multimedia such as audio, video, text etc.
Application Layer
Functionalities of Application Layer
• Mail Services: This layer provides the basis for E-mail forwarding and
storage.
• Network Virtual Terminal: It allows a user to log on to a remote host.
The application creates software emulation of a terminal at the remote
host. User's computer talks to the software terminal which in turn talks
to the host and vice versa. Then the remote host believes it is
communicating with one of its own terminals and allows user to log on.
• Directory Services: This layer provides access for global information
about various services.
• File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM): It is a standard
mechanism to access files and manages it. Users can access files in a
remote computer and manage it. They can also retrieve files from a
remote computer.
Summary of the Layers
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• The layers in the TCP/IP
protocol suite do not
exactly match those in the
OSI model.
• The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined
as having four layers:
host-to-network, internet,
transport, and
application.
• However, when TCP/IP is
compared to OSI, we can
say that the TCP/IP
protocol suite is made of
five layers: physical, data
link, network, transport,
Addressing
• Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP
protocols:
Physical Addresses
• The physical address, also known as the link address, is the address of a
node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
• The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the network.
For example, Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical address.
• Physical addresses can be either unicast (one single recipient), multicast (a
group of recipients), or broadcast (to be received by all systems in the
network.
• Example: Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address
written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below: A 6- byte (12 hexadecimal digits)
physical address 07:01:02:01:2C:4B
Logical Addresses
• Logical addresses are used by networking software to allow packets to be
independent of the physical connection of the network, that is, to work
with different network topologies and types of media.
• A logical address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit/128-bit address that
can uniquely define a host connected to the Internet. An internet address
in IPv4 in decimal numbers 132.24.75.9
• No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on the Internet can have the
same IP address.
• The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical
addresses remain the same.
• The logical addresses can be either unicast (one single recipient), multicast
(a group of recipients), or broadcast (all systems in the network). There are
limitations on broadcast addresses.
Port Addresses
• There are many application running on the computer. Each application run
with a port no.(logically) on the computer.
• A port number is part of the addressing information used to identify the
senders and receivers of messages.
• Port numbers are most commonly used with TCP/IP connections.
• These port numbers allow different applications on the same computer to
share network resources simultaneously.
• The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the logical and port
addresses usually remain the same.
• Example: a port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal
number 753.
Specific Addresses
• Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are designed for that
specific application.
• Examples include the e-mail address (for example,
[email protected]) and the Universal Resource Locator (URL) (for
example, www.juniv.edu).
• The first defines the recipient of an e-mail; the second is used to find a
document on the World Wide Web.
Practice Tasks
• From the book of Forouzan (CH-02):
• Problems: 15-19, 22-25
Thank You ☺