INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FOR BUSINESS
CONTENTS - SYLLABUS

 MODULE 1 : Introduction to Information Technology

 MODULE 2 : Social Informatics

 MODULE 3 : Network & Communications

 MODULE 4 : HTML & Webpage

 MODULE 5 : INTERNET
 MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

 Informatics : The study and practice of creating , storing and finding ,

manipulating and sharing information.
It is concerned with how data is collected and stored , how it is
organized and how it is retrieved and transmitted.
It can also include issues like data security , storage limitations etc.
What is Information Technology (IT)?

 The study , design , development , implementation , support or management of computer-

based information systems , particularly software applications and computer hardware.

 Features
 Cheap
 Globalization
 Job Opportunity
 Data Storage
 No Time Barrier
 Profitability
 IMPORTANCE OF IT

 Economic Development
 Exchanging information and transacting business.
 Education
 Security
 Used in departments like
 Human resources
 Finance
 Manufacturing
 Marketing
 Health care
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY
Provides the Also called
basis of telecommunication
processing of technology ,consist of
data to convert electronic devices and
into useful systems for
information. communication over
long distance.
Define ICT(Information and Communication
Technology)

Covers any products and technology that store , retrieve , manipulate , transmit
or receive information electronically in a digital form and also concerned with
the way these different uses can work with each other.
E-World : The world of computers and internet
 Different e-facilities are:
 e-filing
 e-mail
 e-commerce
 e-shopping
 e-paper
 e-waste
 e-banking
 e-cards
 e-auction
 e-ticket
 e-learning
 e-book
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Consists of all components that work together
to process data and produce information.

Purposes
i. Process input
ii. Maintain data
iii. Produce reports
iv. Handle queries
v. Handle online transactions
vi. Generate reports
A computer based information system has
four independent elements:
Hardware Software

The physical components The set of electronic instructions

that tell the computer what to do

People Procedures

The programmers and users who The rules and guidelines to be

prepare or analyse data followed for achieving the optimal
result in data processing.

All the four components interact to convert data into information .

Computer has 2 parts:
1. Hardware 2. Software

 Hardware
 Software :
System
Application Software
Software

*System Software : Program designed to operate the computer hardware and to

provide a platform for running application software.
Three types are there:
1. Operating System Software such as Windows , Linux.
2. Device Drivers such as printer drivers and USB device drivers.
3. Utility programs such as Antivirus.

*Application Software : Tells the computer how to accomplish specific tasks such
as word processing , making
presentations etc.
Parts of a Computer (Hardware
Components or Design)
Based on the functions they perform , computer parts are categorized into
five:
Input Processin Output
Devices g Device Devices
Used to interact with
The Provides output to
or send data to the
Central the user from the
computer(mouse,
Processing computer(monitor,
keyboards etc)
Unit(CPU) printer etc

Storage Communication
Devices Devices

Stores data processed by Used to communicate

the computer(hard between computers(modem,
drives) Bluetooth device etc)
 I. INPUT DEVICES

 Feed data and instructions into the computer

 Any device that is used for communicating with the computer from
an outside environment.
 Input devices convert data from its original format into binary codes
that a computer can store and manipulate.
 Common input devices are:
Keyboard Optical Character Recognition
Mouse Optical Mark Reader
Joystick Webcam
Trackball Microphone
Light Pen Barcode Reader
Graphic Tablet Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Touch Screen Scanners
1. Keyboard

Can enter numeric data , textual data and special

characters.
2. Mouse

 A computer mouse is a hand-held pointing device that detects

two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is
typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display,
which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of
a computer.

 Basically there are three types of mouse:

a. Mechanical Mouse
b. Optomechanical Mouse
c. Optical Mouse
a. Mechanical Mouse
A mechanical mouse is a computer mouse that contains a metal or
rubber ball on its under side. When the ball is rolled in any
direction, sensors inside the mouse detect this motion and move
the on-screen mouse pointer in the same direction.
b. Optomechanical Mouse
The optical-mechanical or optomechanical mouse consists
of a ball that rolls one of two wheels inside the mouse. Each
wheel contains a circle of holes or notches, allowing an LED
light to shine through and be detected by a sensor.
c. Optical Mouse

This the latest development and most commonly used mouse. In an

optical mouse, two light sources with photo detectors replace the ball and
wheel.

The light rays emitted by the light source are reflected back through two
small plastic lenses.

The light beams are directed to the photo detectors and they send signals
to the computer directing the movement of the cursor.
3. Joystick
4. Track Ball
5. Light Pen
6. Graphic Tablet
7. Touch Screen
8. Scanners
9. Magnet Ink Character Recognition
10. Optical Character Recognition
11. Optical Mark Reader
12. Webcam
13. Microphone
14. Barcode Reader
II. PROCESSING DEVICE
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)
 CPU also known as the processor which is the heart, soul
or brain of the computer.
 In the micro computer, the entire CPU is contained in a
tiny chip called a micro processor.
 It is the most important component on the motherboard.
 Three components of the CPU are:
Control Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU)
Primary Memory
a. Control Unit

 The control grid exists in the CPU as a nerve centre of a computer

system
 Most important functions are
i. Coordination and control of various parts of the computer system.
ii. The transfer of data to and from the working storage areas.
iii. Retrieving and decoding program instructions from internal storage.
iv. Monitoring sequence of instructions for execution.
b. Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU)

The important functions of ALU are

i. Basic mathematical calculations.
ii. Comparison of numeric and non numeric values.
iii. Determining the ascending or descending order of data.
iv. Sorting and Summarization of data.
v. Logical transfer of data from one register to another.
c. Primary Memory

 The primary memory is also called as Main Memory.

 Two types of memory are there:
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)
 III. OUTPUT DEVICES

 An output device is any computer device capable of conveying

information to a user.
 Four common types of outputs are:
 Text

 Graphics

 Audio

 Video
 The output devices can be divided into two categories:
 Soft copy devices
Give the output in visual or audible form
Non printed form which is intangible
Examples: monitor, speaker
 Hard copy devices
Produce tangible permanent copy of output.
Indicates printed or plotted form.
Examples: printers, plotters
1. Monitor

Technically termed as a Visual Display Unit(VDU), can be described

as an electronic device that transmits information from the
computer onto a screen.

Based on the technology, the monitors can be categorized into

three types:

i. CRT(Cathode Ray Tube)

ii. LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)

iii. LED(Light Emitting Diode)

i. CRT(Cathode Ray Tube)
Monitors
ii. LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)
iii. LED(Light Emitting Diode)
Compare LCD and LED
2. SPEAKERS

 A speaker is a term used to describe the user who is giving vocal

commands to a software program. A computer speaker is an
output hardware device that connects to a computer to generate
sound. The signal used to produce the sound that comes from a
computer speaker is created by the computer's sound card.
3. Printers

A printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a

computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to
standard size sheets of paper.
There are two types of printers:
1. Impact Printers
a. Character printers
* Dot Matrix Printer
* Daisy Wheel
b. Line printers
* Drum Printer
* Chain Printer
2. Non-Impact Printers
a. Laser Printers
b. Inkjet Printers
 1.Impact Printers

The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon
which is then pressed on the paper.

Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following:

 Very low consumable costs

 Very noisy

 Useful for bulk printing due to low cost

 There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image

These printers are of two types

 Character printers

 Line printers
 CHARACTER PRINTERS
Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time.

These are further divided into two types:

 Dot Matrix Printer

 Daisy Wheel

Dot Matrix Printer

In the market one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These
printers are popular because of their ease of printing and economical price. Each
character printed is in form of pattern of dots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of
size 5 ∗ 7, 7 ∗ 9, 9 ∗ 7or9 ∗ 9 which come out to form a character that is why it is called
Dot Matrix Printer.
Advantages
Inexpensive
Widely Used
Other language characters can be printed
Disadvantages
Slow Speed
Daisy Wheel

Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like

petals of Daisy flower name that is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer.
These printers are generally used for word-processing in offices which
require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality.

Advantages

More reliable than DMP

Better quality

The fonts of character can be easily changed

Disadvantages

Slower than DMP Noisy

Daisy Wheel
Line Printers
Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time.

These are of further two types:

Drum Printer

Chain Printer

Drum Printer: This printer is like a drum in shape so it is called drum printer. The
surface of drum is divided into number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to size of paper
i.e. for a paper width of 132 characters, drum will have 132 tracks. A character set is
embossed on track. The different character sets available in the market are 48
character set, 64 and 96 characters set. One rotation of drum prints one line. Drum
printers are fast in speed and can print 300 to 2000 lines per minute.
Advantages
Very high speed
Disadvantages
Very expensive
Characters fonts cannot be changed.
Chain Printer

In this printer, chain of character sets are used so it is called Chain

Printer. A standard character set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters.

Advantages

Character fonts can easily be changed

Different languages can be used with the same printer.

Disadvantages

Noisy
2. Non-impact Printers:

Non-impact printers print the characters without using ribbon. These

printers print a complete page at a time so they are also called as Page
Printers.

Characteristics

Faster than impact printers.

They are not noisy.

High quality.

Support many fonts and different character size.

These printers are of two types :

Laser Printers
Laser Printers

These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots
needed to form the characters to be printed on a page.

Advantages

Very high speed

Very high quality output

Give good graphics quality

Support many fonts and different character size

Disadvantages

Expensive.

Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a single

Inkjet Printers

Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively

new technology. They print characters by spraying small drops of ink onto
paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output with presentable
features. They make less noise because no hammering is done and these
have many styles of printing modes available. Color printing is also
possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple copies of
printing also.
Advantages
High quality printing
More reliable
Disadvantages
Expensive as cost per page is high
Slow as compared to laser printer
4. Plotters
 They are used to produce precise and good quality graphics and
drawings.

 Widely used in scientific and engineering applications.

 They use ink pen or inkjet to draw graphics or drawings.

 Types

 Drum plotters

 Micro grip plotters

 Flat-bed plotters

 Inkjet plotters
IV. STORAGE DEVICES
 Storage devices are those which are used for storing data for
future use.
 Commonly known as secondary storage or auxiliary or back up
storage.
 Two types of secondary storage devices: Random(Direct)
Sequential
(Serial)Access Access
Secondary Secondary
Storage Storage

Kind of file organization in which Data can be accessed from

data items can be written or read the storage device directly
one after another in sequential or randomly.
order. Ex: Hard Disk
Ex: Punched paper tape CD etc.
Magnetic tape etc.
1.Magnetic Tape Systems
 Magnetic drums, magnetic tape and magnetic disks are types of
magnetic memory. These memories use property for magnetic memory.
 In magnetic tape only one side of the ribbon is used for storing data.
 It is sequential memory which contains thin plastic ribbon to store data
and coated by magnetic oxide.
 Data read/write speed is slower because of sequential access.
 It is highly reliable which requires magnetic tape drive writing and
reading data.
The width of the ribbon varies from 4mm to 1 Inch and it has storage
capacity 100 MB to 200 GB.
Advantages :
 These are inexpensive, i.e., low cost memories.
 It provides backup or archival storage.
 It can be used for large files.
 It can be used for copying from disk files.
 It is a reusable memory.
 It is compact and easy to store on racks.

Disadvantages :
 Sequential access, means it does not allow access randomly or directly.
 It requires caring to store, i.e., vulnerable humidity, dust free, and suitable
environment.
 It stored data cannot be easily updated or modified, i.e., difficult to make
updates on data.
2. Punched Paper Tape
 Paper tape is a slow, low-capacity, sequential medium for data storage
that was used on early communications and computing devices.
 Holds data as patterns of punched holes with data being represented
by the absence or presence of holes at specific positions.
 The data was written and stored using special tape reading and writing
systems.
Advantages
 It is robust. Punched tape can be read decades later, if special paper is used.
 The hole pattern can be decoded visually, if necessary. There are special
devices that can repair torn tape.
 Editing is possible with a pair of scissors, and some glue to paste or cut
holes.
 Punched tape is not influenced by magnetic fields. This is important in an
environment full of electronic devices which all need to work properly.
 Punched tape is easy to destroy, if made of paper.

Disadvantages
 Reliability: When tape was copied, the copies needed to be compared, hole by
hole.
 Rewinding the tape is difficult.
 Low information density:
3. Floppy Disk
 A floppy disk, also known as a floppy, is a type of disk storage
composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium,
sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined with fabric that removes
dust particles.

 Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD).

 Now outdated and rarely used.

4. Hard Disk
 A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile computer storage device
containing magnetic disks or platters rotating at high speeds. It is a
secondary storage device used to store data permanently, random
access memory (RAM) being the primary memory device. Non-volatile
means data is retained when the computer is turned off.
 A hard disk drive is also known as a hard drive.
Advantages
 Large capacity
 Faster than optical disks like DVD'S
 Persistent storage
 Easily replaced and upgraded

Disadvantages
 Relies on moving parts
 Disk surface can be damaged
 Heavy power consumption
 Noisy
 Slower read and write speed than RAM
5. CD(Compact Disk)

 Compact discs are used to store data so that may be retrieved or

executed at a later date. CDs can store software programs so that you
may load them onto your computer.

 They save files for backup or transfer to another computer, as well as

hold music to play in a CD player.

 The standard CD is capable of holding 72 minutes of music or 650 MB

of data. An 80 minute CD is capable of holding 700 MB of data.
6. DVD(Digital Versatile Disk)

Stands for "Digital Versatile Disc." A DVD is a type of optical media used
for storing digital data. It is the same size as a CD, but has a larger
storage capacity. Some DVDs are formatted specifically for video playback,
while others may contain different types of data, such as software
programs and computer files.
7. Blue-ray Disk(BD)

 Blu-ray Disc is a high-density optical disc format similar to DVD. Blu-

ray is the type of disc used for PlayStation 3 games and for playing
high-definition (HD) movies. In the past, there were other standards for
such movies, such as the HD DVD format.

 Blu-ray Disc is a high-density optical disc format similar to DVD. Blu-

ray is the type of disc used for PlayStation 3 games and for playing
high-definition (HD) movies. In the past, there were other standards for
such movies, such as the HD DVD format.

 A single-layer disc can hold 25GB. A dual-layer disc can hold 50GB.
8. Pen Drive

 Commonly known as USB flash drive it is a portable device which

means it can be easily transferred from one location to another due to
its compact design it looks like a pen shape and therefore it is named
as pen drive.

 The pen drives are used in a wide range in the world they have easily
replaced CD’s, Floppy Disk due to its huge data storing capacity and
faster data transferring speed.

 Pen drives and USB flash drives are connected to USB (Universal
Serial Bus) Port which is available on computer motherboards they are
used without any additional power supply they receive the power
directly from the USB port itself and hence are playing dominant role
in the PC world.
8. Memory Card
 Popular storage device used in small electronic devices such as digital
cameras, cell phones, etc.
 Memory cards are available in many forms with varying capacities.
 SD card(Secure Digital Card)
Most widely used memory card, which are small in
size and available in high capacities.
 Mini SD Card
It is smaller than SD card, commonly used in
cameras.
 Micro SD Card
Smaller than mini SD card and commonly used in
cell phones.
V. COMMUNICATION DEVICES

 Piece of equipment or hardware designed to transfer

information or data from one computer to another.
 There are many communication devices.
 Modem
 Network Interface Card
 Wi-Fi Cards
 Router
1. Modem
 A communication device used to communicate between
computers.
 Modem is a device that sends and receive data over telephone
lines to and from the computers.

 Modem stands for Modulator Demodulator.

 The conversion of digital signals to analog signals =>
Modulator.
 The conversion of analog signals to digital signals =>
Demodulator.

Modems are referred to as asynchronous device, that means the

device transmits data as small packets.
 Modem can be classified into two:-
 Internal modems
 External modems
2. Network Interface Card(NIC)

 A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component

without which a computer cannot be connected over a network.

 It is a circuit board installed in a computer that provides a

dedicated network connection to the computer.

 It is also called network interface controller, network adapter or

LAN adapter.

 NIC allows both wired and wireless communications.

Types of NIC Cards
 NIC cards are of two types −
Internal Network Cards

 In internal networks cards, motherboard has a slot for the network card
where it can be inserted. It requires network cables to provide network
access.

External Network Cards

 In desktops and laptops that do not have an internal NIC, external NICs
are used.

 External network cards are of two types:

 Wireless and USB based.

Wireless network card needs to be inserted into the motherboard,

however no network cable is required to connect to the network. They are useful
while traveling or accessing a wireless signal.
3. Wi-Fi Cards

 WiFi stands for Wireless Fidelity.

 WiFi cards as being invisible cords that connect your computer

to the antenna for a direct connection to the internet.
4. Router
 A Router is a networking device that forwards data packets
between computer network.

Let us understand this by a very general example, suppose you

search for www.google.com in your web browser then this will be a
request which will be sent from your system to the google`s server
to serve that webpage, now your request which is nothing but a
stream of packets don`t just go the google`s server straightaway
they go through a series of networking devices known as router
which accepts this packets and forwards them to correct path and
hence it reaches to the destination server.
SOFTWARE

 Software, in its most general sense, is a set of instructions or

programs instructing a computer to do specific tasks.
 Software is a generic term used to describe computer programs
that run on PCs, mobile phones, tablets, or other smart devices.
 Software is often used to describe all the functional aspects of a
computer that do not refer to its physical components
(hardware). Scripts, applications, programs and a set of
instructions are all terms often used to describe software.
 Everything that “runs” on a computer, from an operating
system, to a diagnostic tool, video game, or app can be defined
as software.
CLASSIFICATION

 Three classifications are there:

 System Software

 Application Software

 Utility Software
I. System Software
 System software is a type of computer program that is designed
to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
 When considered computer system as a layered model,
the system software is the interface between the hardware and
user.
 Classified into four categories:
 Assemblers
 Compilers
 Interpreters
 Operating System
II. Application Software

 An application is any program, or group of programs, that is

designed for the end user.
 Applications software (also called end-user programs) include
such things as database programs, word processors, Web
browsers and spreadsheets.
 Broadly classified in two:
 General Purpose Application Software
 Customized Application Software
a.General Purpose Application
Software
 Each software has a predetermined use.
 Anyone can purchase and use the software without
modifications.
 Widely used general purpose application softwares are:
 Word Processing Software
 Spreadsheet Software
 Presentation Software
 Database Management Software
b. Customized Application Software

 When a software is created for a particular customer, it can be called

as customized application software.

 It is developed according to the requirement of a particular

customer, so that It cannot be used by another customer without
modifications.

 Examples : Railway Reservation Application, Shopping Application

etc.
Boxed Application Package

Some application software can be acquired in two ways.

 One method is to purchase the software "online" and
then download it to your PC; save it in some folder on your PC
and then install the program. If the software requires an
activation code, the code will usually be emailed to you at the
email address that you specify when making the purchase
online.
 Another method is to purchase the software at a store
and if such is the case, the software will be "boxed". The box
will generally contain a CD that contains the software; a user
manual and a certificate that contains the software's
activation code.
III. UTILITY SOFTWARE

 These software analyze and maintain a computer.

 These software are focused on how OS works on that basis it
perform task to enable smooth functioning of computer.
 These software may come along with OS like windows
defender, windows disk cleanup tool.

Antivirus, backup software, file manager, disk compression tool all

are utility software.
 OPERATING SYSTEM
 An operating system is a system software that acts as an interface
between the user and the computer.

 Set of programs that controls the overall operation of a computer.

 An operating system is an integrated system of programs which

supervises the operation of the CPU, controls the input-output functions
and improves the total operating effectiveness of the computer.

 Examples : DOS, LINUX, Windows, Macintosh OS etc.

The operating systems are basically classified into two, based on the way
they interact with the user:

 Character User Interface (CUI)

 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Character User Interface (CUI)
The user interacts by typing commands.
DOS (Disk Operating System) is a Character User Interface
operating system.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

GUI operating systems are graphic oriented and no need to type
commands.
The concept of allowing users to interact with a computer by
manipulating these objects or symbols or images on the screen is
called a Graphical User Interface.
It is also known as point and click interface.
example : Windows
Functions of Operating System
 Program Loading

 Resource Management

 Data Management

 Job Management

 Communication

 Data Security
Types of Operating Systems
 Multi-tasking Operating System

 Multi-processing Operating System

 Single-user Operating System

 Multi-user Operating System

 Time Sharing Operating System

 Network Operating System

 WINDOWS

 Windows is a series of operating systems developed by Microsoft.

 Each version of Windows includes a graphical user interface, with a

desktop that allows users to view files and folders in windows. For the past
two decades, Windows has been the most widely used operating
system for personal computers PCs.

 An important feature of windows operating system is its

multitasking facility.
Windows versions

 MS DOS(Microsoft Disk Operating System)

 First operating system in 1981.

 It’s a non graphical command line operating system, in which users has
to type commands instead of using a mouse.

 In 1990 Microsoft introduced Windows 3.0, having the ability to load

more than one program into the memory at a time.

 Then, Windows 3.1 and Windows 3.11 were released.

 Windows NT, a 32 bit operating system for personal computers in 1993.

 Windows 95 released in 1995, a complete operating system for desktop
computers.

 It’s a 32 bit multitasking operating system with a revised GUI.

 Then, Windows 98, an improved version of Windows 95 which was faster

and easier to use.

 Microsoft introduced Windows-Me(millennium) in 2000.

 It was an extension of Windows 98. It included new and improved media

player, movie maker and internet features.

 Windows XP in 2001.

 Windows Vista
 Windows 7 in 2009 and is available in 6 editions.(starter, home,
premium, professional, enterprise and ultimate)

 Released Windows 8 in 2012.

 Released Windows 8.1 in 2013.

 Windows 10 was released in 2015.

Features
 Speed
 Compatibility
 Graphical User Interface
 Multi Tasking Environment
 Huge storage space
 User Friendly
 Multi user operating system
 Auto update
 Lower Hardware Requirements
 Search and Organization
 Safety and Security
 Interface and Desktop
 Taskbar/Start menu
UNIX
 Unix is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive
from the original AT&T Unix, development starting in the 1970s at the Bell Labs
research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.

 It is an operating system which can be only used by its copyrighters.

 It was developed for larger machines like server and supercomputers.

 Unix permits many users to share a CPU on a time slice basis.

 The part of the operating system which performs this task of scheduling is called
scheduler, dispatcher or supervisor.
LINUX
 Linux is an operating system like Microsoft Windows.

 It is an open-source operating system which is freely available to

everyone.

 The Linux OS was developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991.

 Nowadays, Linux is in great demand. Anyone can use Linux whether a

home user, developer or a student.

 Linux is used everywhere from servers, PC, smartphones, tablets to

mainframes and supercomputers.

 It is a version of Unix.

 It is free to download and use.

 Advantages or Features
• Multiuser capability: Multiple users can access the same system resources like memory,
hard disk, etc. But they have to use different terminals to operate.
• Multitasking: More than one function can be performed simultaneously by dividing the
CPU time intelligently.
• Portability: Portability doesn't mean it is smaller in file size or can be carried in pen drives
or memory cards. It means that it support different types of hardware.
• Security: It provides security in three ways namely authenticating (by assigning password
and login ID), authorization (by assigning permission to read, write and execute) and
encryption (converts file into an unreadable format).
• Live CD/USB: Almost all Linux distros provide live CD/USB so that users can run/try it
without installing it.
• Graphical User Interface (X Window system): Linux is command line based OS but it
can be converted to GUI based by installing packages.
• Support's customized keyboard: As it is used worldwide, hence supports different
languages keyboards.
• Application support: It has its own software repository from where users can download
and install many applications.
• File System: Provides hierarchical file system in which files and directories are arranged.
• Open Source: Linux code is freely available to all and is a community based development
project.
Linux Versions
 Ubuntu
 Ubuntu is an open source Linux distribution. Ubuntu is considered a good
distribution for beginners. The operating system was intended primarily for
personal computers (PCs) but it can also be used on servers. The word "ubuntu"
is from the African Zulu language and translates as "humanity to others."
 Fedora
 Fedora Workstation is a polished, easy to use operating system for laptop and
desktop computers, with a complete set of tools for developers and makers of all
kinds. Fedora Server is a powerful, flexible operating system that includes the
best and latest datacenter technologies.
 Mint
 Linux Mint is a community-driven Linux distribution and is more user-friendly
than Ubuntu.
 Provide full out-of-the-box multimedia support for those who choose (by ticking
one box as part of the installation process of the OS) to include some
proprietary software, such as multimedia.
feature or functionality of a product that works immediately after or even without any
special installation without any configuration or modification. It also means that it is
available for all users by default, and are not required to pay additionally to use those
features, or needs to be configured.
 OpenSuse
 openSUSE is among the easiest linux distribution for new users.
However, openSUSE does not focus on absolute ease of use, preferring to offer users
flexibility and choice. So beginners might need to be prepared to read some
documentation so they know which choice will suit them best.

 Mandriva
 Mandriva is designed to be very user-friendly and is ideal for first
time Linux users.
 Puppy
 Puppy Linux is an operating system and family of light-weight Linux
distributions that focus on ease of use and minimal memory that is around 50 MB.
 Is versatile and portable but not the best choice for inexperienced users.
Free Software

 Free Software means that respects user’s freedom.

 It means that the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study,
change and improve the software.

 Users, individually or collectively, are free to do whatever they want

with it.

 This includes the freedom to redistribute the software free of charge, or

to sell for profit.
Four kinds of freedom :
 Freedom 0
 The freedom to run the program, for any purpose
 Freedom 1
 The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to users need.
 Freedom 2
 The freedom to redistribute copies so that you can help neighbours..
 Freedom 3
 The freedom to improve the program and release improvements to the public,
so that the whole community benefits.
 Access to the source code is a precondition.
 With all these freedoms, the program is Free Software.

 If one of these freedoms is missing, then program is not a free software.

 Free software thus differs from proprietary software (such as MS

Windows), which prevents users from studying, modifying and sharing
the software.

 Free software is sometimes misunderstood- it has nothing to do with the

price.
 Free software and Freeware are not same.
 Freeware is a software that can be freely downloaded and used but which may
contain restrictions for modification and use.
 It does not require payment to use.
USES or BENEFITS
 Cost Efficiency

 Free Assistance

 Removal of Bugs

 More Security

 Flexibility

 Shareability
Based on the availability of the source code,
software can be classified into two:

1. Closed source (Proprietary) Software

2. Open source Software

Closed source (Proprietary) Software

 Proprietary software, also known as non-free software, or closed-source software,

is computer software for which the software's publisher or another person retains
intellectual property rights—usually copyright of the source code, but sometimes
patent rights.

 The user is restricted from other uses such as modification, sharing, studying,
redistribution etc.

 Copying its termed as piracy and considered as illegal.

 Keeps users divided and helpless

Open source Software

 Open-source software is a type of computer software in which source code is

released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to
use, study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.
Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner.

 In computing, source code is any collection of code, possibly with comments,

written using a human-readable programming language, usually as plain text.
Alternatively, source code may be interpreted and thus immediately executed.
Most application software is distributed in a form that includes only executable
files.
Some criteria for considering a software as a open source:

 The program must be freely distributed

 Source code must be included

 Anyone must be allowed to modify the source code

 Modified versions can be redistributed

 The licence must not require the exclusion of other software or

interfere with the operation of other software.
Futuristic IT

 Information Technology is the technology involving the development,

maintenance, and the use of computer systems, software and networks
for the processing and distribution of data.
Natural User Interface

A natural user interface (NUI) is a system for human-computer interaction that

the user operates through intuitive actions related to natural, everyday human
behavior.

A NUI may be operated in a number of different ways, depending on the purpose

and user requirements.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in

machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term
may also be applied to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind
such as learning and problem-solving.
TYPES OF AI
Applications of AI
 AI in Astronomy
• Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin,
etc.
 2. AI in Healthcare
• In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry
and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
• Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.
AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
 3. AI in Gaming
• AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
 4. AI in Finance
• AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
 5. AI in Data Security
• The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug
and cyber-attacks in a better way.
 6. AI in Social Media
• Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize
and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the
latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
 7. AI in Travel & Transport
• AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various
travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the
hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-
powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better
and fast response.
 8. AI in Automotive Industry
• Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better

performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.

• Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your

journey more safe and secure.

 9. AI in Robotics:
• Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are

programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can

create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-

programmed.
• Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot

named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
 10. AI in Entertainment
• We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment

services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show

the recommendations for programs or shows.

 11. AI in Agriculture

• Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best
result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

 12. AI in E-commerce

• AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more

demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

 13. AI in education:

• AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.

• AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.
VIRTUAL REALITY

Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to create a simulated

environment. Unlike traditional user interfaces, VR places the user inside an
experience. Instead of viewing a screen in front of them, users are immersed and able
to interact with 3D worlds.

https://virtualspeech.com/blog/vr-applications