Scribd
Upload
24 views17 pages

PHYSICS

The investigatory project by Dhruv Verma focuses on the Wheatstone Bridge, a circuit used to measure unknown resistances with high accuracy. It covers the construction, working principle, applications, and limitations of the Wheatstone Bridge, highlighting its historical significance and ongoing relevance in calibration laboratories. The project concludes that despite its limitations, the Wheatstone Bridge remains a vital tool in electrical measurements due to its simplicity and versatility.

Uploaded by

amazingaditya3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views17 pages

PHYSICS

The investigatory project by Dhruv Verma focuses on the Wheatstone Bridge, a circuit used to measure unknown resistances with high accuracy. It covers the construction, working principle, applications, and limitations of the Wheatstone Bridge, highlighting its historical significance and ongoing relevance in calibration laboratories. The project concludes that despite its limitations, the Wheatstone Bridge remains a vital tool in electrical measurements due to its simplicity and versatility.

Uploaded by

amazingaditya3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Dhruv Verma XII-B


CERTIFICATE

◦This is to certify that Dhruv


Verma of Class XII B
◦has completed the Physics
investigatory project titled
“Wheat Stone Bridge“ as
part of CBSE Syllabus
2023-24

MR Pankaj
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

◦I would like to thank my


physics teacher, Mr. Pankaj
for encouraging and guiding
me in completion of my
investigatory project titled
“Wheat Stone Bridge”, as
part of CBSE Syllabus 2024-
25.

Dhruv Verma XII-B


AIM

To study the
construction
and
application
of
Wheatstone
Bridge
CONTENTS
◦1- Introduction
◦2- Components of Wheatstone
bridge
◦3- Circuit Construction
◦4- Working principle of Wheatstone
bridge
◦5- Example Circuit
◦6- Applications of Wheatstone
bridge
◦7- Limitations of Wheatstone bridge
◦8- Limitations of Wheatstone bridge
◦9- Summary
◦10- Bibliography
◦11- Precautions
INTRODUCTION

◦Samuel Hunter Christie invented the


Wheatstone bridge in the year 1833,which
became popular with the works of Sir Charles
Wheatstone in 1843.An electrical circuit that is
set up to measure the unknown value of a
resistor and creates a balance between the two
legs of the bridge circuit is called a Wheatstone
Bridge. As shown in the figure below, three
resistances are known(one is
variable/adjustable) and the fourth one has to
be found out. Compared to the other measuring
instruments such as voltage divider, the
concept of Wheatstone bridge is widely used
because of the accuracy in its measurement of
resistance.
Components of
Wheatstone Bridge

i. 5 resistor
ii. Voltage/DC source Galvanometer
(or any device which indicates the
voltage difference or the flow of
current)
iii. e Connecting Wires Circuit
Construction Construction of
Wheatstone Bridge
iv. Switch
CIRCUIRTCONSTRUCTION

◦A Wheatstone bridge is a bridge-type


structure having four resistors, three of
known and one of unknown value.

◦Here R1, R2, and R3 have known value


among which R2 is adjustable and
finally Rx is the value to be measured.
Along with these resistances, a
galvanometer(Vg) is there between
B&D, and a DC supply between A&C.
WORKING PRINCIPLEOF
WHEATSTONEBRIDGE

◦Now according to the Wheatstone


bridge principle if the ratio of the
two resistances (R1/R2) on one
edge is equal to the ratio of the
two resistances(R3/Rx) on another
edge then there will be no flow of
current between the midpoints of
the two edges of resistance. This
condition of the bridges known as
the Balanced Bridge Condition.
◦In the Balanced Bridge condition,
the current through the
galvanometer is zero and also the
voltage difference between the
points B & D becomes zero, i.e., at
both points voltage level would be
the same.
Writing equations for the balanced
bridge condition would look like:

◦R1/R2 = R3/Rx (or) Rl * Rx =R2 *


R3Thus, Rx = R3 * (R2/R1)
◦This detection of zero current in
galvanometer is of high precision,
thus depending on the level of
precision of known values, the
unknown resistance can be found
with the highest rate of accuracy
and precision.
◦In the Wheatstone bridge
experiment, one resistor should
always be variable in order to
obtain a balanced condition. The
Circuit performs at its best when
the regulated voltage source is
used, instead of the current with
repelling characteristics.
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

◦Let us consider the below circuit


where the bridge is in an
unbalanced condition and we need
to calculate the voltage difference
between Q1 and Q2, i.e., Volt and
hence the value of R4 needed to
make the bridge balanced.
Example of Wheatstone
Bridges per the voltage
division law

◦Vqi = (R3/(R3+R1)) * Vs ,where


◦Vs=100volts (voltage source)
◦Putting values of R3 = 40 ohms,
R1=50ohms, and Vs= 100 volts,
we get
◦Vqi = 44.4 volts
◦Similarly, Vq2 = (R4/(R4+R2)) *
Vs
◦putting the values, R4 =50 ohms,
R2=100 ohms, and Vs =100 volts,
we get
◦Vq2 =33.3 volts
◦Thus, Volt can be found as,
◦Volt = Vq1 - Vq2
◦So, Volt = 44.4 - 33.3 = 11.1 volts
Now to make the bridge balanced,
we can find a suitable value for R4
as done below:

◦R4 = R2 * (R3/R1)
◦putting the values of R1, R2, and
R3, weave
◦R4 = 100 * (40/50)= 80 Volt
◦Therefore, R4 = 80 volts is the
value of resistor which should be
used to make the bridge in a
balanced condition.
APPLICATIONS OF WHEATSTONE
BRIDGE

◦Used in Light detecting devices.


◦For measuring the changes in the
pressure.
◦Used for the Sensing of
mechanical and electrical
quantities.
◦Also, photo resistive devices use
this circuit.
◦Thermometers also use
Wheatstone bridges for the
temperature measurements which
need to be accurate.
◦Values like capacitance,
inductance, impedance, etc. can
be measured with some variations
in the Wheatstone bridge circuit.
LIMITATIONS OF WHEATSTONE
BRIDGE

◦Along with all these advantages,


there are a few limitations of the
Wheatstone bridge as well, such
as:

◦Readings may be inaccurate


under unbalanced conditions.
◦The range of measured resistance
varies from a few ohms to
megaohms.
◦Susceptibility for high dc current
is not there.
SUMMARY
◦Created in 1833, popularized in
1840s
◦Wheatstone bridges are one of the
best methods of measuring
resistance due to the basic
mathematical ratio involved,
◦Accurate standards with sensitive
enough voltmeter, measurements
of resistance within .05% can
breached.
◦Many calibration laboratories still
use this method today.
◦The Wheatstone Bridge are
replaceable; however, for its
simplicity and versatility the circuit
Isan indispensable piece of
technology.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

◦WEBSITES-
◦www.google.com
◦www.google.com
◦www.google.com

◦Books-
◦CLASS NCERT.
◦12° Physics
◦PRACTICAL Physics class 12

Dhruv Verma XII-B

You might also like