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Functions

The document provides an introduction to functions, defining key concepts such as relations, domain, and range. It includes examples to illustrate how to determine the domain and range of various relations and explains the criteria for a relation to be classified as a function. Additionally, it introduces the vertical line test as a method for identifying functions from their graphs.

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xxxunknown12xxx
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© © All Rights Reserved
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4 views

Functions

The document provides an introduction to functions, defining key concepts such as relations, domain, and range. It includes examples to illustrate how to determine the domain and range of various relations and explains the criteria for a relation to be classified as a function. Additionally, it introduces the vertical line test as a method for identifying functions from their graphs.

Uploaded by

xxxunknown12xxx
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Functions

Vocabulary

• A set of ordered pairs is also called a relation.


• The domain is the set of x-coordinates (first
components) of the ordered pairs.
• The range is the set of y-coordinates (second
components) of the ordered pairs.

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Example

Determine the domain and range of the relation {(4,9), (–4,9), (2,3), (10,
–5)}

•Domain is the set of all the first coordinates of the ordered pairs: {4, –4,
2, 10}

•Range is the set of all the second coordinates of the ordered pairs: {9,
3, –5}

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Example

Find the domain and range of the following


relation.
Input (Animal) Output (Life Span)
•Polar Bear 20
•Cow
•Chimpanzee 15
•Giraffe
•Gorilla 10
•Kangaroo
•Red Fox 7

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Example (cont)

Domain is {Polar Bear, Cow, Chimpanzee,


Giraffe, Gorilla, Kangaroo, Red Fox}

Range is {20, 15, 10, 7}

5
Functions

Some relations are also functions.

A function is a relation in which each first component in


the ordered pairs corresponds to exactly one second
component.

6
Example
Is the relation{(4,9), (–4,9), (2,3), (10, –5)}, also a
function?

Since each element of the domain is paired with only one


element of the range, it is a function.

Note: It’s okay for a y-value to be assigned to more than


one x-value, but an x-value cannot be assigned to more
than one y-value (has to be assigned to ONLY one y-
value).

7
Example

Is the relation y = x2 – 2x a function?

Since each element of the domain (the


x-values) would produce only one element
of the range (the y-values), it is a function.

8
Example

Is the relation x2 – y2 = 9 a function?

Since each element of the domain (the


x-values) would correspond with 2
different values of the range (both a
positive and negative y-value), the
relation is NOT a function.

9
Vertical Line Test

Graphs can be used to determine if a relation is a


function.

Vertical Line Test


If no vertical line can be drawn so that it
intersects a graph more than once, the graph
is not the graph of a function.

10
Example
y
Use the vertical line
test to determine
whether the graph to
the right is the graph
of a function.
x
Since no vertical line
will intersect this
graph more than
once, it is the graph
of a function.

11
Example
y
Use the vertical line
test to determine
whether the graph to
the right is the graph
of a function.
x
Since no vertical line
will intersect this
graph more than
once, it is the graph
of a function.
12
Example
y
Use the vertical line
test to determine
whether the graph to
the right is the graph
of a function.
Since vertical lines x
can be drawn that
intersect the graph
in two points, it is
NOT the graph of a
function.
13
Vertical Line Test

Since the graph of a linear equation is a line, all linear


equations are functions, except those whose graph is a
vertical line

Note: An equation of the form y = c is a


horizontal line and IS a function.
An equation of the form x = c is a vertical line
and IS NOT a function.

14
Example
y
Find the domain and
range of the function Domain
graphed to the right.
Use interval
notation.
x
Range
Domain is [–3, 4]
Range is [–4, 2]

15
Example
y
Find the domain
and range of the
function graphed to
the right. Use Range
interval notation.
x

Domain is (– , )
Range is [– 2, ) Domain

16
17
Helpful Hint
Note that f(x) is a special symbol in mathematics used to
denote a function. The symbol f(x) is read “f of x.” It does
not mean f • x (f times x).

18
Example

Find each function value.


a. If f(x) = 4x – 1, find f(2).
f(2) = 4(2) – 1 = 7

b. If g(x) = x2 – 2x, find g(–3).


g(–3) = (–3)2 – 2(–3) = 9 – (–6) = 15

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Example

y
Given the graph of
the following function,
find each function
value by inspecting
the graph. f(x)
f(5) = 8
x
f(4) = 3
f(5) = 1
f(6) = 7

20

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