Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida

Cultural Heritage and Performing Arts

(Module-V)

Module: 5

Essence of Indian Traditional

Knowledge (ANC-0602)
Ms. Harshika Yadav
Department of PGDM
B.Tech AI VI semester

Ms.Harshika Yadav EITK-ANC0602 Module V

1
01/30/2025
 Content
• Indian Architect, Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India,

• Sculptures, Pottery,

• Painting, Indian Handicraft,

• UNESCO’S List of World Heritage sites in India,

• Seals, coins, Puppetry,

• Dance, Music, Theatre, drama, Martial Arts Traditions,

• Fairs and Festivals,

• UNESCO’S List of Intangible Cultural Heritage,

• Calendars, Current developments in Arts and Cultural,

• Indian’s Cultural Contribution to the World

• Indian Cinema.

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 Prerequisite

• Basic knowledge of Architecture

• Basic knowledge of Indian Tradition & Culture.

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 Module 5 Objective
• To acquaint students with Indian Knowledge System, Indian
perspective of modern scientific world-view and basic principles of
Yoga and holistic health care system.

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 Topic Objective
Topic Topic Objective
No.
1 To study the Indian Architect & Engineering and Architecture in
Ancient India

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 Topic Mapping
S.No. Topic Course
Outcome
1 Indian Architect and Engineering and Architecture in CO4 & CO5
Ancient India

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 Indian Architecture (CO4 & CO5)
• The word ‘architecture’ is derived from the Latin word ‘tekton’
which means builder. When the early man began to build his shelter
to live in, the science of architecture started.
• Sculpture, on the other hand, is derived from Proto-Indo-European
(PIE) root ‘kel’ which means ‘to bend’.
• Sculptures are small works of art, either handmade or with tools and
are more related to aesthetics than engineering and measurements.
• Architecture refers to the design and construction of building
whereas Sculptures are relatively small 3-dimensional works of art.

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 Indian Architecture
• Architecture uses a mixture of various type of materials like stone,
wood, glass, metal, sand, etc. but a single piece of sculpture is
usually made of a single type of material.
• Architecture involves study of engineering and engineering
mathematics. It requires detailed and accurate measurements whereas
Sculpture involves creativity and imagination and may not depend as
heavily on accurate measurements.
• Example of architecture are Taj Mahal, Red Fort, etc.
• Example of Sculpture are Nataraja Image, Dancing Girl, etc.

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 Indian Architecture
• The story of Indian art and architecture is a story of evolution. From
the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation to the British rule, the buildings
and sculptures have a narrative of their own.
• The emergence and decay of great empires, the invasion of foreign
rulers who gradually became indigenous, the confluence of different
cultures and styles, etc. are all reflected in the evolution of Indian
architecture and sculpture.
• Architecture is the finest expression of human creativity.
• The monuments are living examples of the values, beliefs and
thinking processes of the masses as well as the classes.
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 Indian Architects
 Achyut Kanvinde (1916-2002):-

• Achyut Kanvinde, who also worked with Modernist architect and

Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius, dealt in proportional geometry,
economical shapes, steel frames, and reinforced concrete.
 Brinda Somaya (b. 1949) :-

• To be “the conscience of the built and unbuilt environment” is the

philosophy that energizes Brinda Somaya’s practice. Her work unites
architecture with social equity and conservation.
• She has both built and conserved structures with attention to
preserving their historic significances.
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 Indian Architects
 B. V. Doshi (b. 1927) :-

• Before practicing in India, B.V. Doshi worked with Modernist and

contemporary giants Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn. Doshi retains a
Modernist edge but adds a distinctive Indian spirit.
 Charles Correa (b. 1930) :-

• At the frontier of contemporary Indian architecture, Charles Correa is

adept at sensitively meeting needs and preserving history.
• At Kanchanjunga Apartments, flats reconcile courtyards and the
connected spaces of traditional living with the urban context of an
apartment building.
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 Indian Architects
 Laurie Baker (1917-2007):-

• An Englishman who gained Indian citizenship, Laurie Baker had a

deep respect for spaces stored in Indian architectural methods.
Because of his value for vernacular, organic, and sustainable
architecture, he made use of traditional techniques and materials
whilst also devising new ones.
• Through these, he would shade places from heat, permit sunlight and
ventilation, minimize materials, and provide unparalleled aesthetic
beauty.

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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India
(CO4& CO5)
 Architecture in Harappan Civilisation :-

• The remains of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro reveal a remarkable

sense of town planning.
• The towns were laid out in a rectangular grid pattern.
• The roads ran in north-south and east-west direction and cut each
other at right angles.
• Mainly three types of buildings have been found in the excavation
sites –dwelling houses, public buildings and public baths. The
Harappans used burnt mud bricks of standardised dimensions for the
purpose of construction.
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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India
 Mauryan Architecture:-

Fig:- Classification of Mauryan Art

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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India
 Mauryan Architecture:-

• Wood was the principal building material.

• During the reign of Ashoka, the inscription on pillars – as a symbol
of the State or to commemorate battle victories – assumed great
significance.
• He also used pillars to propagate imperial sermons as well.
• On an average of 40 ft. height, the pillars were usually made of
chunar sandstone and comprised of Shaft and Capital.
• A long Shaft formed the base and was made up of a single piece of
stone or monolith.
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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India
 Stupa:

• Stupas were burial mounds prevalent in India from the Vedic period.
It is a conventional representation of a funeral cumulus in which
relics and ashes of the dead were kept.
• During the period of Ashoka, the art of stupas reached its climax.
Almost 84,000 stupas were erected during his period.
• Although a Vedic tradition, stupas were popularised by the
Buddhists.
• Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh is the most famous of the Ashokan
stupas. Piprahwa stupa in Uttar Pradesh is the oldest one.
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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India
 Popular Art(Cave Architecture):-

• Rock-cut Caves
• The construction of rock caves continued as in the Mauryan period.
However, this period saw the development of two types of rock
caves Chaitya and Vihar.
• While the Vihars were residential halls for the Buddhist and Jain
monks and were developed during the time of the Mauryan Empire,
the Chaitya halls were developed during this time.
• They were mainly quadrangular chambers with flat roofs and used as
prayer halls.
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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India
 Temple Architecture:
 Nagara school of Architecture:- From 5th century AD onwards, a
distinct style of temple architecture developed in the Northern part of
India, known as the Nagara Style of Architecture.
• The temples generally followed the Panchayatan style of temple
making, which consisted of subsidiary shrines laid out in a crucified
ground plan with respect to the principal shrine.
• Presence of assembly halls or mandaps in front of the principal
shrine. Outside the garbhagriha, images of the river goddesses Ganga
and Yamuna were placed.
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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India

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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India
 Dravidian Style of temple Architecture(Chola Architecture):-

• Unlike the Nagara temples, the Dravidian temples were surrounded

by high boundary walls.
• The front wall had a high entrance gateway known as gopuram.
• The temple premise was laid out in Panchayatan style with a
principal temple and four subsidiary shrines.
• Under Dravidian style, the spire is in the form of a stepped pyramid
that rises up linearly rather than curved. It is known as vimana.
• The presence of a water tank inside the temple enclosure was a
unique feature of the Dravidian style.
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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India

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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India

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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India
 Nayaka School:-

• The Nayaka school of architecture flourished under the Nayaka

rulers in the period between 16th and 18th centuries AD. It was also
known as Madurai School.
• It was architecturally similar to the Dravidian style, but much larger
in scope. It also had Islamic influence.
• Presence of Prakarms or huge corridors in the portico, around the
garbhagriha, along with roofed ambulatory passageways.
• The gopurams built under the Nayaka rulers were some of the largest
gopurams.
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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India
 Modern Architecture(Indo-Gothic Style):-

• Also known as the Victorian style, was a unique blend of Indian,

Persian and Gothic styles of architecture.
• The constructions were extremely large and elaborate in their execution.
• The walls were thinner than in the Indo-Islamic constructions.
• The arches were pointed, unlike the curving arches of Indo-Islamic era.
• One of the unique features of the Victorian style was the use of large
windows.
• It adhered to advanced structural engineering standards of Britain.
Steel, iron and poured concrete started being used.
• Examples: Victoria Memorial in Kolkata, Gateway of India in Mumbai
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 Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India
 Modern Architecture(Neo-Roman Style):-

• The architectures of New Delhi, done by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert

Baker were the finest examples of this style. It has been often described
as the “Rome of Hindustan”.
• The constructions were anonymous and without any interesting
features.
• It was a confluence of all styles of architecture which made the style
congested and cramped the space of artistic expression.
• Simplicity, modernity and utility were highly compromised due to the
hybrid nature of the constructions. There was a focus on circular
buildings.
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 Recap

• In this topic, We learned about Indian Architect, Engineering and

Architecture in Ancient India.

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 Daily Quiz
 What does stupa signify?
A. Death
B. Knowledge
C. Birth
D. Parinirvana
 With reference to the cultural history of India, the term Panchayatan refers to?
A. An assembly of village elders
B. A religious sect
C. A style of temple construction
D. An administrative functionary
 Angkor wat temple constructed by ______.
A. King Suryavarmana I
B. King Suryavarmana II
C. King Rajaraja I
D. King Rajendra I.
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 Daily Quiz
 Angkor wat temple located in ______.
A. Indonesia
B. Thailand
C. Cambodia
D. Malaysia
 Who has built the Adhai din ka Jhonpra?
A. Iltutmish
B. Ibrahim Lodhi
C. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
D. Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din
 The Nagara style of architecture developed and flourished mainly in
A. South India
B. North-West India
C. North India
D. North-East India
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 Daily Quiz
 Who constructed the main Sanchi Stupa?
A. Chandragupta
B. Gautama Buddha
C. Kautilya
D. Ashoka
 Which of the following is not a feature of north Indian temple architecture?
A. Shikhara
B. Gupuram
C. Garbhagraha
D. Adisthana
 Who among the following was the architect to lay the foundation of Delhi?
A. Corbusier
B. Charles Correa
C. Lutyens
D. Laurie Baker
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 Prerequisite

• Basic knowledge of Indian Tradition & Culture.

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 Topic Objective
Topic Topic Objective
No.
1 To study the Sculptures, Seals, coins, Pottery, Puppetry & Dance

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 Topic Mapping
S.No. Topic Course
Outcome
1 Sculptures, Seals, coins, Pottery, Puppetry, Dance. CO4 & CO5

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 Sculptures (CO4&CO5)
• The art of sculpture has a glorious history in India because progress
in this art form has been going on since more than 5000 years.
• The Harappan sculpture is an example of popular art because these
figures have been discovered from private house.
 Stone sculptures :-

• Limestone, alabaster (gypsum like material) and steatite (soft white

stone) varieties of stone were used to make sculptures. The level of
refinement in them was quite high.
• Example:- dancing girl found at Harappa, bearded priest found at
Mohenjo-Daro and Horse found at Lothal.
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 Sculptures
 Terracotta sculptures :-

• Terracotta (baked clay) was also used by Harappans to make

sculptures. These figure are less sophisticated or refined when
compared to metal or stone figures.
• Example:- An animal resembling horse found at Mohenjo-Daro.
 Copper and Bronze Sculptures:-

• The lost wax method was used by Harappans to make sculptures.

• The figure of the Bronze Dancing girl found at Mohenjo-Daro is one
of the finest examples.

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 Sculptures
 Mathura School of Sculpture :-

• It was the oldest school among all the three school of sculptures.
• It emerged in 2nd century BC. Red sand stone was used.
• Artists of Mathura were the first to make sculptures of Buddha.
• Buddha of Mathura school was mostly a Yogi seated under a tree in
Padmasana posture and deeply involved in meditation.
• The figure of Mathura school are famous for depiction of inner beauty.
• Facial expression in these figures was of very high order.
• Female figures represent multitudes of gestures and postures.

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 Sculptures
 Gandhara School of Sculpture :-

• It emerged during second half of 2nd century BC.

• Flourished in north western part of Indian subcontinent.
• The Roman influence on Gandhara school was visible in the form of

1. Realistic representation of human beings.

2. Distinguished muscles of the body.
3. Hair arranged in wavy curls.
• Blue or green schist ,phyllite ,wood and stucco(plaster) materials used.
• Greek influence:- Round eyes, Buddha portrayed with a moustache or
turban, transparent garments, mechanical rigidity in expression.
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 Sculptures
 Amaravati School of Sculpture :-

• Developed in Amaravati and Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.

• It emerged during second half of 2nd century BC.
• White marble was the most common material.
• Focused on depiction of feminine beauty.
• Physical and worldly aspects of sculptures were highly developed.
• Amaravati school was characterized by naturalistic and sensual appeal.
• Life-size figures were made in Amaravati school. Some of them are
more than 16-feet in height.
• Men, animal, vegetation were treated gracefully.
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 Seals (CO4&CO5)
• Seals were used to make a sealing, or positive imprint, like this
modern resin one made from the original seal.
• Sealings were used in ancient times for trade.
• Steatite was the most common material used by Harappans to make
their seal.
• Numerous Indus seals have been found in ancient Mesopotamian
cities.
• There is evidence for settlements of Indus valley traders in ancient
Mesopotamia, in the form of Mesopotamian seals with Indus
language characters.
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 Seals
• The dimensions of Harappan seals varied from 0.5 inch to 2.5 inch.
• Most Harappan Seals were quadrilateral in shape. Square and
rectangular shaped seals have been found most commonly.
• Button shaped, cubical and round seals were also used by Harappans.
• The seals of Mesopotamian civilization were cylindrical in shape.
• Symbols like circles, crosses, dots, swastikas, tree in railing and
leaves of Peepal tree were depicted on Harappan seals.
• Animals like elephant, bull, tiger, rhinoceros, antelope and crocodile
were depicted on seals. Unicorn was the most frequently depicted
animal. Fish was the most common zoomorphic sign.
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 Seals
 Significance of Harappan seals:
• The seals throw light on relationship and interaction of the people of
Harappan civilization with outside world.
• The seals also throw light on the language and script of Harappan
civilization.
• Impression of cloth on some of the seals found at Lothal indicate that
people of Harappan civilization practiced weaving of cloths.
• The seals has boss on their back side to put thread. This indicate that
seals were also worn by Harappan people like amulets in their neck.
• Harappan civilization used ships in their trade and commerce.
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 Coins (CO5)
• The word Coin is derived from the Latin word Cuneus and it is believed
that the first recorded use of coins was in China and Greece around 700
BC and in India in the 6th century BC.
• The study of coins and medallions is known as Numismatics.
• The earliest coins were casted coins and were die-struck only on one
side. One to five marks or symbols were incused on single side and
were termed as ‘Punch Marked’ coins.
• Panini’s Ashtadhyayi cites that to make punch marked coins, metallic
pieces were stamped with symbols. Each unit was called ‘Ratti’
weighing 0.11 gram.
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 Coins
• Historian Prameshwari Lal Gupta carried out extensive research on
ancient Indian coins.
• The first time coins were issued in India in the 6 th century BC.
• Indo-Greeks were the first to issue gold coins in India.
• Kushanas issued the purest gold coins and the largest number of copper
coins in Indian history.
• A large number of roman coins made of gold and silver belonging to the
1st and 2nd centuries discovered in south India.
• The largest number of gold coins were issued by Gupta rulers in the
whole of Indian history. It helps us in determining chronology.
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 Pottery (CO5)

• Pottery is one of the most important forms of expression of human

creativity. It is the most sensuous of all art forms.
• The earliest evidence of pottery was discovered from Chopani
Mando located in Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh.
• The potteries found at the excavation sites can be broadly classified
into two kinds – plain pottery and painted pottery.
• The painted pottery is also known as Red and Black Pottery as it
used red colour to paint the background and glossy black paint was
used to draw designs and figures on the red background.

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 Pottery
• Plain pottery was used for household purposes, mainly storage of
grains and water.
• Miniature vessels, generally less than half an inch in size, were used
for decorative purposes.
 Types of pottery:

• Black and Red ware pottery

• Ochre coloured pottery
• Painted grey ware pottery
• Northern black polished ware pottery
• Red ware
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 Puppetry

• Puppetry is one of the ancient forms of entertainment.

• This form of entertainment gives unrestricted freedom to the artist in
design, colour and movement making it one of the most ingenious
inventions of mankind.
• The excavation sites at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro have yielded
puppets with sockets attached to them, which suggest the presence of
puppetry as an art form even during those days.
• The string puppets are generally eight to nine inch miniature figures
chiselled out of wood. Oil paint is used to paint the wood initially.

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 Puppetry
 Classification of Puppetry:

• String Puppets: These puppets have joined jointed limbs. The

movement of such puppets is controlled by the master with the help of
strings attached to their elbows, waist and legs. Kathputli of
Rajasthan, Kundhei of Odisha, Gombeyatta of Karnataka and
Bommalattam of Tamilnadu are the finest example of string puppets.
• Glove Puppets: made of either cloth or papier mache or wood.
Pavakoothu of Kerala is the finest example of glove puppets.
• Rod Puppets:- modified form of glove puppets.
• Shadow Puppets:- Flat in shape, made of leather.

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 Dance (CO4&CO5)

• As per Natya Shastra, there are two basic aspects of Indian classical
dance.
1. Lasya – It denotes grace, bhava, rasa and abhinaya. It is symbolic to
the feminine features of dance as an art form.
2. Tandava – This is symbolic to the male aspects of dance and has
more emphasis on rhythm and movement.
• Oldest among all classical dance forms, Bharatnatyam derives its name
from Bharata Muni and ‘Natyam’ which means dance in Tamil.
• Most of the Kuchipudi recitals are based on stories of Bhagwata purana.

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 INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCE FORMS
 Bharatanatyam:- belonging to the state of Tamilnadu. Carnatic music
is used during the performance of this dance.
 Kuchipudi:- belonging to the state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a dance
drama. This dance form expresses life’s multi-coloured moods.
 Kathakali:- belonging to the state of Kerala. It is a dance drama. The
dancers do not speak. They only act through symbols called mudras.
 Mohiniattam:- it belongs to the state of Kerala. It is a female dance
form. It is performed by women in solo. Combined element of
Bharatanatyam and kathakali.
 Sattriya:- belonging to the state of Assam.

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 Recap

• In this topic, We learned about Sculptures, Seals & coins, Pottery,

Puppetry & Dance.

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 Daily Quiz
 Puppetry is divided into ___categories.
A. 4
B. 5
C. 3
D. 2
 Which of the following is the classical dance that belong to the state of Andhra
Pradesh?
A. Kathakali
B. Odisi
C. Kuchipudi
D. Bharatanatyam
 ‘Sattriya’ is the classical dance belonging to the state of Assam.
A. True
B. False

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 Daily Quiz
 ‘Odishi’ is the classical dance belonging to the state of ______.
A. Tamilnadu
B. Andhra Pradesh
C. Odisha
D. Assam
 Mohiniattam is the classical dance belonging to the state of______.
A. Delhi
B. Tamilnadu
C. Kerala
D. Karnataka
 Plain pottery was used for household purposes, mainly storage of grains and
water.
A. True
B. False

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 Daily Quiz
 Ilahi coins were issued by:
A. Humayun
B. Akbar
C. Jahangir
D. Shah Jahan
 The name of the last Caliph of Baghdad appeared for the first time on coins
of :
A. Qutub-ud-din Aibak
B. Iltutmish
C. Alauddin Khilji
D. Alauddin Masud Shah
 Which of the following was the typical pottery of the Mauryan period?
A. Painted grey ware
B. Ochre coloured pottery
C. Northern black polished ware
D. Red ware
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 Weekly Assignment

 What is the difference between Classical dance and Folk dance?

 Explain different types of Puppetry.

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 Prerequisite

• Basic knowledge of Indian Art.

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 Topic Objective
Topic Topic Objective
No.
1 To study the Music, Theatre, drama, Painting, Martial Arts
Traditions and the Fairs and Festivals

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 Topic Mapping
S.No. Topic Course
Outcome
1 Music & Theatre, Drama, Painting & Martial Arts CO4 & CO5
Traditions,

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 Music (CO4 & CO5)
• The origin of Indian music can be traced back to the chanting of Vedic
hymns and mantras.
• The Chandogya Upanishad talks about the seven styles of gana
(musical modes), highlighting the importance of Svara (phonemes) of a
Vedic mantra that should be pronounced with absolute accuracy.
• The Chandogya Upanishad is a Sanskrit text embedded in the
Chandogya Brahmana of the Sama Veda.
• In the post-Vedic age came the Natya Sastra, one of the ancient most
compendium on Indian art forms. It was compiled between 200 BCE to
200 CE.
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 Music (CO4 & CO5)
• It is said that Natya Sastra author, the sage Bharata Muni, created the
Natya (theatre) by integrating speech from the Rig Veda, music from the
Sama Veda, acting from the Yajur Veda, and emotions from the Atharva
Veda. This further contributed to the tradition of Gandharva Veda - the
Vedic science of music.
• One of the earliest references of Ragas used in the Indian classical music
can be found in the Buddhist textual sources. The 10th century
manuscript of CharyaGiti (performance-songs) obtained from Tibet, is
attributed to the 8th century CE Mahasiddhas Sarahapa. In these texts,
there has been mention of classical music Ragas (Bhairavi and Gurjari).

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 Music (CO4 & CO5)
• In the southern part of India, Prabandha-gana was the popular
performing genre that existed between the 11th to 16th centuries. The
word Prabandha, connotes a well-bound composition.
• In the north-eastern India, with the efforts of 15-16th century saint-
scholar of the Vaishnava tradition, Srimanta Sankardev, a cultural
reformation took place and the traditions of the past were revived. He
devised new forms of music (Borgeet), and dance (Sattriya).
• Sikhism is perhaps the only religion that uses music as its chief mode of
worship, where poetic teachings of Gurus, composed in classical music,
are used as prayer and offering.

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 Music (CO4 & CO5)
• Using different styles, the Sikh Kirtans are rendered in the Raga and Tala
of Indian classical music. In the Guru Granth Sahib, the notation of
thirty-one Ragas of Classical music has been supplied with necessary
particulars.
• Music is the soul of any culture and India has had a long tradition of
musical ingenuity.
• Literary traces of music can be found for the first time two thousand
years ago in the Vedic times. All the seven notes of the raga
Kharaharapriya can be found in the descending order in Sama Veda.
• There are three main pillars of Indian classical music: Raga, tala and
swara.
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 Music
• Music is the language of soul and dance is the finest expression of
human feelings. Music is the art based on organization of different
sounds in time.
• A music sound can be distinguished from other sounds on the basis of
four main properties, which are : Pitch, Tone, Amplitude and length &
periodicity.
• Indian Vocal music: Dhrupad, Khayal, Tarana, Thumri, Tappa,
Qawwali, Kirtan, Harikatha, Rabindra sangeet and Ghazals.
• Music Gharanas: Gwalior Gharana, Kirana Gharana, Jaipur-Atrauli
Gharana, Rampur Sahaswan Gharana, Patiala and Banaras Gharana.
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 Music

• A Fusion genre of music is the combination of two or more genres of

music. Sitar maestro Pandit Ravi Shankar was the first person to
popularize Indian music at the world level.

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 Theatre (CO4 & CO5)

• It has been postulated that the excavated ruins at Sitabena and Jogimara
caves represent the world’s oldest amphitheatres.
• Theatre in India began as a narrative art form, which encompassed a
concoction of music, dance and acting. Recitation, dance and music
were integral parts of theatre.
• The Sanskrit word ‘nataka’ was derived from the root word ‘nata’ which
actually meant a dancer.
• Characters in Sanskrit plays were important. They were broadly
classified into three kinds which are Nayaka (Hero or the Protagonist),
Nayika (Heroine) and the Vidusaka (Clown).
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 Theatre
• India boasts of a rich tradition of folk theatre in various parts of India.
• The traditional folk theatre reflects the various aspects of the local
lifestyle including social norms, beliefs and customs.
• Types of Folk Theatre:
 Ritual Theatre: Ankia Naat, Ramlila, Raslila, Bhuta and Ramman.
 Theatre of Entertainment: Bhavi, Garoda, Jatra, Maach, Powada.
 South Indian Theatre: Burra Katha, Bayalata, Theyyam, Kuruvanji.
• Parsi Theatre, Regional theatre of Bengal, Prithvi theatre are modern
Indian theatre.
• Sangeet Natak Academy : established on 1952 to promoting performing
arts including theatre.
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 Theatre
• Oldest Surviving Sanskrit theatre: Of all the ancient Sanskrit theatre
forms, only Koodiyattam from Kerala has managed to survive. It lived
within temple precincts, more specifically in the homes of the Chakyars
and Nambiars, the two communities who were its sole practitioners.
• It is 70 years since Koodiyattam emerged from temples to occupy the
public stage as an entertaining theatre form.
• It is officially recognized by UNESCO as a masterpiece of the Oral
and Intangible heritage of humanity.
• Facing Problem:- The more than 1,000-year-old theatre form has just
around 100 practitioners, the lack of patronage, a limited repertoire etc.

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 Drama (CO4 & CO5)
• Drama is a narrative art form combining acting, music, dance etc.
• Bharat Muni, the author of Natya Shastra, is often called the father of
Indian drama.
• Drama is a variant of performing art in which stories are enacted by
using dialogue, dance, music and acting.
• A number of great drama writers were there in India during the ancient
age. Among them Bhasa, Kalidas, Vishakhadatta, Shudraka, Bhairavi
and Bhavabhuti were the most prominent ones.
• Ashvaghosha was the first playwright in Indian history. The origin of
Indian drama took place in the age of Rig Veda.
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 Drama
• The Vijayanagar ruler Krishnadeva Raya wrote a Sanskrit drama
called Jambavati Kalyanam.
• The Chauhan king Vigraharaja IV composed Harakeli Nataka, a
drama , in Sanskrit language.
• Bhasa was one of the earliest playwrights in India.
• King Harshavardhana wrote a drama named Ratnavali.
• Shudraka was the author of Mrichchakatikam.
• Vishakhadatta wrote Mudrarakshasa and Devichandraguptam.
• Kalidasa wrote Abhijnana Shakuntala, Malavikagninitram and
Vikramorvasiyam.
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 Painting (CO4 & CO5)

• The history of painting can be traced through the ancient and medieval
period where the books were illustrated with paintings.
• The history of paintings can be known from primitive rock paintings of
Bhimbetaka, Mirzapur and Panchmarhi.
• The work on the walls or a solid structure are referred to as Murals.
• These have existed in India since ancient times and can be dated
between 10th century BC and 10th century AD.
• The history of painting can be traced through the ancient and medieval
period where the books were illustrated with paintings. Then came the
miniature style that dominated the Mughal and Rajput courts.
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 Painting
 CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN PAINTINGS:

• Mural Paintings in India:- The work on the walls or a solid structure

are referred to as Murals. These have existed in India since ancient times
and can be dated between 10th century BC and 10th century AD.
• The beauty and the exquisiteness of mural paintings can be seen in
places like Ajanta, Armamalai Cave, Ravan Chhaya Rock Shelter, Bagh
Caves, Sittanavasal Caves and Kailasha Temple in Ellora.
• Most of the mural paintings are either in natural caves or in rock cut
chambers.

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 Painting

• Miniature Paintings in India:- The word ‘miniature’ is derived from

the Latin word ‘minium’, which means red lead paint. This paint was
often used in the illuminated manuscripts during the Renaissance period.
• The painting should not be larger than 25 square inch. The subject of the
painting would be painted in not more than one-sixth of the actual size.
• In these painting, very fine details were portrayed by the painter. If a
miniature painting is observed under a magnifying glass, more details
become visible. Under the patronage of Jahangir, remarkable progress in
the field of painting was witnessed. Under Shah Jahan, painting attained
technical perfection but they were without real beauty & emotions.
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 Martial Arts Traditions (CO4 & CO5)
• The term ‘martial art’ refers to creativity exhibited by warriors while
fighting against their opponents.
• These warrior use different gestures, postures and techniques to
overcome the challenge of their opponents.
• The martial artists need to acquire knowledge of ‘Marma Shastra’. It
is the study of vulnerable spots in human body. These vulnerable spots
of the opponents are targeted during fights.
• Dhanur veda (Upaveda of Rigveda) contains reference of different
forms of artistic skills required by archers. Agni Purana explains the art
of warfare in 5 detailed parts.
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 Martial Arts Traditions (CO4 & CO5)

• One of the oldest martial arts in India, Kalaripayattu, although

practiced in most parts of Southern India, originated in the state of
Kerala around 3rd century BC.
• This art form includes mock duels (armed and unarmed combat) and
physical exercises.
• Silambam, a kind of staff fencing, is a modern and scientific martial art
of Tamil Nadu.
• One of the most ancient martial arts of Manipur, Cheibi Gad-ga
involves fighting using a sword and a shield. Gatka is a weapon-based
form of martial arts. Musti Yuddha is an unarmed form of martial arts.
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 Fairs and Festivals (CO4 & CO5)
• Festivals and fairs forms an intrinsic part of Indian culture being an
outpouring medium of our beliefs and emotions.
• Diwali or Deepawali:- It is the festival of lights celebrated on the on
New moon (Amavasya) day in the month of Kartik.
• Holi It is the festival of Colours and is celebrated by people across the
religion.
• Eid-ul-Fitr :- The festival falls after the last day of the holy month of
Ramadan (Ramzan), which is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.
• Christmas :- This day is celebrated all across the world as the birth
anniversary of Jesus Christ.
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 Festivals
• Bihu :- State festival of Assam. Bohag Bihu is celebrated to symbolize
the beginning of Assamese new year around 13-14 April. Associated
with farming.
• Pongal:- Pongal is four day harvest festival celebrated by Tamils
around the world. It is celebrated in January and marks the beginning
of Uttarayan, i.e. six month northward journey of the Sun.
• Onam:- Onam, the State festival of Kerala falls in the beginning of the
month of Chigam, the first month of the Malayalam calendar. It is
mainly a harvest festival but it also celebrates the homecoming of
mighty asura King Mahabali from Patala (the underground).
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 Festivals
• Hornbill Festival :- It is one of the major festival celebrated in
Nagaland. It is a 10 day festival that begins on 1st December every
year. All the tribes showcase their talent and cultural vividness through
costumes, weapons, bows and arrows and headgears of the clans.
• Cheiraoba Festival:- This festival is celebrated all across the State of
Manipur, as it is the New Year according to the Manipuri tribes.
• Wangala Festival (The 100 Drums Festival):-The dominant Garo
Tribe primarily celebrates it in Meghalaya. The festival indicates the
beginning of winter and is celebrated as a nod to the post harvest
season.
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 Fairs
• A Fair is a temporary gathering of people for a variety of activities
which may be religious, entertainment or commercial.
• Kumbh Mela:- The Kumbh Mela is the largest religious gathering in
the world. Every day millions of people come to take a dip in the holy
river. The mela (gathering) is held on a rotational basis at four
auspicious pilgrimage sites- Prayagraj, Haridwar, Nashik and Ujjain.
• Sonepur Mela:-It is one of the largest cattle fairs in Asia. The mela is
held in Sonepur, Bihar at the confluence of the River Ganga and the
Gandak. It usually takes place in November on the Kartik Poornima. It
is the only fair where large numbers of elephants are sold.

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 Fairs
• Pushkar Fair:- Pushkar Mela is an annual fair in Pushkar, Rajasthan
starting on the day of ‘Kartik Poornima’ and lasts for about a week. It
is one of the largest camel and cattle fairs in the world. When the
festival actually begins, events like camel races, moustache
competitions, turban tying competitions, dancing and camel riding, etc.
take centre stage.
• Ambubachi Mela:- This is an annual fair held at Kamakhya Temple in
Guwahati (Assam). It is organized during the monsoon season. It is
also known as the ‘Tantric Fertility Festival or Ameti Festival because
it is based on the cult of Tantric Shakti.

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 Recap

•In this topic ,we learned about Music, Theatre, drama &Painting, Martial
Arts Traditions, the Fairs and Festivals

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 Daily Quiz
 The Hornbill festival is celebrated in which state of the following state?
A. Manipur
B. Mizoram
C. Nagaland
D. Meghalaya
 The Wangala festival is celebrated in which state of the following ?
A. Manipur
B. Mizoram
C. Nagaland
D. Meghalaya
 Pushkar Mela is an annual fair in Pushkar, Rajasthan starting on the day of
‘Kartik Poornima’ and lasts for about a week.
A. True
B. False

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 Daily Quiz
 ______is often called the father of Indian drama.
A. Kalidasa
B. Bhasa
C. Bharat Muni
D. Shudraka
 Which of the following martial art is the oldest martial arts in India?
A. Silambam
B. Gatka
C. Kalaripayattu
D. Inbuan
 Mural Paintings was often used in the illuminated manuscripts during the
Renaissance period.
A. True
B. False

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 Daily Quiz
 ______was the first person to popularize Indian music at the world level.
A. Gopal Mishra
B. Pandit Ravi Shankar
C. Ustad Alladiya Khan
D. Pandit Omkarnath Thakur
 Which of the following is the Oldest Surviving Sanskrit theatre in India?
A. Bayalata,
B. Theyyam,
C. Koodiyattam
D. Kuruvanji
 Which of the following is ritual theatre in India
A. Ankia Naat
B. Garoda
C. Jatra
D. Maach
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 Weekly Assignment

• Explain the Drama and write the different theatre in India.

• Explain Martial arts.
• Write down the difference between Carnatic music and Hindustani
music.

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 Prerequisite

• Basic knowledge of Indian Art.

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 Topic Objective
Topic Topic Objective
No.
1 To study the Current developments in Arts and Cultural and the
Indian’s Cultural Contribution to the World

2 To study the Indian Cinema

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 Topic Mapping
S.No. Topic Course
Outcome
1 Current developments in Arts and Cultural CO4 & CO5

2 Indian’s Cultural Contribution to the World & Indian CO4 & CO5
Cinema

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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
(CO5)
 Statue of Unity:- It is the statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. It is
located on the banks of river Narmada at Kevadia in Gujarat. It is the
world’s tallest statue. Its height is 182 metres. It was designed by Ram
V. Sutar. He is a famous Indian Sculptor. Crossed 50 lakhs visitors
since its inauguration in 2018.
 The geometrically designed base is situated on its own riverine island
and is linked to the main land mass by a bridge for vehicles and
pedestrians.
 The Statue of Unity (SoU) will be the highest statue in the world at
182 metres from the road entry and 208.5 metres from the river entry,
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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
(CO5)
surpassing China's 153-metre-tall Spring Temple Buddha and standing
nearly twice as tall as the Statue of Liberty in New York.
 It is capable of enduring wind gusts of over 220 km/h while enduring
earthquakes 6.5 on the Richter Scale or greater.
 The Statue of Unity is a true feat of engineering. It honours the
engineering prowess of India.
 The bronze statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, created by Indian
sculptor Ram V. Sutar, stands almost 50 storey tall and rests on a base
with three tiers, setting a world record for height.

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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
(CO5)
 Statue of Equality: The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi
dedicated to the nation the ‘Statue of Equality’ in Hyderabad on 5 th
February 2022.
 The 216-feet tall Statue of Equality commemorates the 11th century
Bhakti Saint Sri Ramanujacharya, who promoted the idea of equality
in all aspects of living including faith, caste and creed.
 The Statue is made of ‘panchaloha’, a combination of five metals:
gold, silver, copper, brass, and zync and is among one of the tallest
metallic statues in sitting position, in the world.

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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
 It is mounted on a 54-ft high base building, named ‘Bhadra Vedi’, has
floors devoted for a Vedic digital library and research centre, ancient
Indian texts, a theatre, an educational gallery detailing many works of
Sri Ramanujacharya.
 The statue has been conceptualised by Sri Chinna Jeeyar Swami of Sri
Ramanujacharya Ashram.
 During the programme, 3D Presentation Mapping on the life journey
and teaching of Sri Ramanujacharya was showcased. Prime Minister
visited the identical recreations of 108 Divya Desams (ornately carved
temples) that surround the Statue of Equality.
 Sri Ramanujacharya worked tirelessly for the upliftment of people
with the spirit of every human being equal regardless of nationality,
gender, race, caste or creed. The inauguration of the Statue of Equality
is a part of the 12-day Sri Ramanuja Sahasrabdi Samaroham, the
ongoing 1000th birth anniversary celebrations of Sri Ramanujacharya.

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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
(CO5)
 Kartarpur Corridor:- It is a visa-free cross-border corridor that
connects Gurudwara Darbar Sahib located in Pakistan and the Indian
border. The length of this corridor is 4.7 km. It connects Dera Baba
Nanak town(Gurdaspur district of Indian Punjab) with Kartarpur
(Narowal district, Pakistan Punjab).Guru Nanak died here in 1539.
 Bharati Script:- It has been developed by a team led by Srinivasa
Chakravarthy. It is unified script combining 9 Indian languages, which
are Devanagari, Gurumukhi, Bengali, Gujarati, Oriya, Malayalam,
Telugu, Kannada and Tamil.

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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
 Azadi Ka Amrut Mahotsav:- Azadi Ka Amrut Mahotsav is a series of
events to be organised by the Government of India to commemorate the
75th Anniversary of India’s Independence. The Mahotsav will be
celebrated as a Jan-Utsav in the spirit of Jan-Bhagidari. Amrit Mahotsav
programme began with Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram. The
March had a key role in furthering a spirit of pride and Aatmanirbharta
among India’s people. It is a 75 week festival.
 Azadi Ka Amrut Mahotsav has five pillars namely:
 Freedom Struggle,
 Ideas at 75,
 Achievements at 75,
 Actions at 75 and
 Resolves at 75.
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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
 This Mahotsav is dedicated to the people of India who have not only
been instrumental in bringing India thus far in its evolutionary journey
but also hold within them the power and potential to enable Prime
Minister Narendra Modi's vision of activating India 2.0, fuelled by the
spirit of Aatmanirbhar Bharat.
 Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav being celebrated in the spirit of Jan Bhagidari,
seeks to showcase country’s achievements of these 75 years to the world
and also give a framework for resolves for the next 25 years.A large
number of initiatives both within and outside the country have been
taken up under this campaign.

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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
 Dandi March to mark 75 Years of Independence :- Prime Minister
Narendra Modi on 12th march flagged off the foot march to re-enact the
historic Mahatma Gandhi-led Salt March, while launching the ‘Azadi
Ka Amrut Mahotsav’, the government’s initiative to mark 75 years of
India’s Independence.
• The padayatra is being undertaken by 81 persons on April 5. The march
from Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to Dandi in Navsari district, a
distance of 386 km, will take them 25 days. For Indians, salt represented
honesty, trust, loyalty, labour, equality and self reliance. At that time,
salt was a symbol of India’s self-reliance. Along with the values of
India, the British had also hurt this self-reliance.
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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
 Sangeet Sandhya programme:- Sangeet Sandhya programme started as
part of the 550th Birth Anniversary celebrations of Sri Guru Nanak Dev
Ji.
 Chauri Chaura Centenary Celebrations :- This year marks 100 years
of the ‘Chauri Chaura’ incident, a landmark event in the country’s fight
for independence.
 Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat:- It is an initiative of Government of India
to foster national integration by a coordinated mutual engagement
process between States, UT, Central Ministries, Educational Institutions
and general public through linguistic, literary, cultural, sports, tourism
and other forms of people-to-people exchanges.
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Ms.Harshika Yadav EITK-ANC0602 Module V
 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
 National War Memorial:- The National War Memorial, near India Gate
in New Delhi, is a fitting tribute to our soldiers who laid down their lives
defending the nation, post-independence.
• The National War Memorial also commemorates the soldiers who
participated and made the supreme sacrifice in Peace Keeping Missions,
and Counter Insurgency Operations.
• The layout of the National War Memorial comprises four concentric
circles, namely, the ‘Amar Chakra’ or Circle of Immortality, the ‘Veerta
Chakra’ or Circle of Bravery, the ‘Tyag Chakra’ or Circle of Sacrifice,
and the ‘Rakshak Chakra’ or Circle of Protection.
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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
• National War Memorial represents the culmination of the collective
aspiration of a grateful nation to pay a fitting tribute to the martyrs.
 Gandhi Circuit, Bihar :- The Government has announced development
of Gandhi Circuit in Bihar to celebrate the centenary of the Champaran
Satyagraha organized in 1917.The project has been named as the
“Development of Gandhi Circuit: Bhitiharwa- Chandrahia-Turkaulia
under Rural Circuit theme of Swadesh Darshan Scheme”.
 Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive
(PRASAD):- To identify & develop pilgrim sites in India to improve
religious tourism experience.
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 Current developments in Arts and Cultural
• Sanskriti Kumbh, a 29 days Cultural extravaganza organised at Kumbh
Mela Area, Prayagraj from 10th January, 2019.
• New campus of National Museum Institute inaugurated at Noida on 30th
January, 2019.
• The 20th edition of Bharat Rang Mahotsav (BRM), the international
theatre festival of India, is organized by National School of Drama.
• Foundation Stone of Taj View Garden on the Taj Corridor Area between
the Agra Fort and TajMahal in Agra was laid on 14thFeburary, 2019.
• The ‘Azaadi ke Diwane’ museum was inaugurated at Red Fort, Delhi on
4th March, 2019.
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 Indian’s Cultural Contribution to the World
(CO4 & CO5)
• Spread of Indian religion and philosophy.
• Spread of Mathematics, Astronomy and Medical science.
• Spread of Indian art and architecture.
• Spread of Indian languages.
• Spread of Indian games and leisure activities.

1. Chess & martial arts

2. Ludo:- known as Pachisi in ancient times
3. Krida-Patram:- Modern play cards
4. Kho-Kho:- originated in the state of Maharashtra.

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 Indian Cinema (CO4 & CO5)
• The Lumiere Brothers who are famous as the inventors of
Cinematograph brought the concept of motion pictures to India. They
exhibited six-soundless short films in Bombay in 1896, which managed
to engross the audience.
• Shot by an unknown photographer in 1897, the first film was titled
Coconut Fair and Our Indian Empire.
• The first motion venture by an Indian was by Harishchandra
Bhatavdekar, who was popularly known as Save Dada.
• Dadasaheb Phalke who produced the film titled Raja Harishchandra in
1913 made the first indigenous Indian silent film.
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 Indian Cinema
• The Era of Silent Films:- The decade of 1910 to 1920 was dominated
by silent films. The first Indo-British Collaboration for making a silent
movie was in 1912 by N.G. Chitre and R.G. Torney. Their film was
titled Pundalik. Dadasaheb Phalke who produced the film titled Raja
Harishchandra in 1913 made the first indigenous Indian silent film.
• Age of Talking films or Talkies :- The first talking film was Alam Ara,
which was directed by Ardeshir Irani in 1931. This film had a few
memorable songs by W.M. Khan, who was India’s first singer and his
song ‘De de khuda ke naam par’ was the first recorded song in Indian
cinematic history.
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 Indian Cinema
• The Golden era of Indian Cinema(1940-1960):- Towards the late
1940s,Indian cinema picked up the new ‘masala’ themed films depicting
music, dance and romance. Establishment of RK Studios gave boost to
this new trend. This gave birth to a new phase of Indian films referred as
‘ The Golden Era of Indian cinema’.
• The music industry became an integral part of the film fraternity in the
1960s. Several movies started using music as their unique selling point
(USP). Some of the notable ones were Jis Desh mein Ganga Behti hai,
starring Raj Kapoor, Dev Anand’s Guide, Yash Chopra’s Waqt, etc. This
period also witnessed two wars of 1962 and 1965, which became the
subject of several nationalistic films(Haqeeqat, Aradhana, Sangam etc.)
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 Indian Cinema
• Classic Decades of Indian Cinema(1970-1980):- The films of this
phase were characterized by a mixture of genre of romance and action.
The term ‘Bollywood’ was coined during the 1970s with the
establishment of ‘Conventions of commercial Bollywood Films
(CCBF)’.
• Phase of Romantic cinema1980-2000 :- Romantic movies and family
dramas were also getting a huge audience. Three major actors of this
period were Anil Kapoor, Jackie Shroff and Govinda. LPG in 1990s
allowed for advanced technology to come to India. My Dear
Kuttichatan was India’s first 3D movie that was made in Malayalam.
The Dolby Sound System also introduced this time.
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 Indian Cinema
• New Bollywood phase of Indian Cinema(1990-present):- Indian
cinema with its growing popularity has become an inseparable part of
the lives of people.
 SOUTH INDIAN CINEMA :-The cinema of South India can be used
to refer collectively to the five film industries of South India—the
Tamil, the Telugu, the Kannada, the Malayalam, and the Tulu (Coastal
Karnataka) film industries as a single entity. Films based on socio-
economic issues form a major component of South Indian cinema.
• World’s largest movie poster ever: Karan Johar and SS Rajamouli’s
magnum opus, Bahubali, has entered the Guinness Book of World
Records.
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Ms.Harshika Yadav EITK-ANC0602 Module V
 Academy award 2023
 Documentary Film maker, Kartiki Gonsalves, and producer, Guneet
Monga, won the Oscar for their short film ‘The Elephant Whisperers’.
The film was applauded in the ‘Best Documentary Short Film’
category. The film is based on the lives of Bomman and Billie, a couple
from the Kattunayakan tribe who devote their lives to the care of an
orphaned baby elephant.
 The second Oscar was awarded to the Indian musical composer, M.M
Keeravani, and Lyricist, Chandrabose for their song ‘Naatu Naatu’
from the movie RRR. The song won the honour in the ‘Best Original
Song category'. The feature film is based on the life of a fearless
revolutionary.
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 Recap

•In this topic ,we learned about Music, Theatre, drama &Painting, Martial
Arts Traditions, the Fairs and Festivals
• We have also learned the Current developments in Arts and Cultural,the
Indian’s Cultural Contribution to the World & the Indian Cinema.

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 Daily Quiz
 Who has developed Bharti Script?
A. Yogesh Chandrahasan
B. Shashi Prabhu
C. Ram V. Sutar
D. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
 Consider the following statements about ‘Kartarpur Corridor’:
Statement I: It is a visa-free cross-border corridor.
Statement II: It connects Amritsar with Kartarpur (Pakistan).
Statement III: Kartarpur was the birth place of Guru Nanak.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. Only I
B. Only I and II
C. Only II and III
D. All of the above

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 Daily Quiz
 Kho-Kho originated in the state of _____?
A. MP
B. UP
C. Maharashtra
D. Rajasthan
 What is Bharat Rang Mahotsav?
(a) International Film festival of India
(b) National film festival of India
(c) International theatre festival of India
(d) National theatre festival of India
 The Lumiere Brothers brought the concept of motion pictures to India.
A. True
B. False

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 Daily Quiz
 Indian Film industries is known as____?
A. Kollywood
B. Hollywood
C. Bollywood
D. Tollywood
 ________is India’s first 3D movie.
A. Bahubali
B. Thailayva
C. My Dear Kuttichatan
D. Raaz 3D
 De de khuda ke naam par’ was the first recorded song in Indian cinematic
history.
A. True
B. False

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 Weekly Assignment

• Explain the development of Indian film industries.

• Explain India’s culture contribution to the world.

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 MCQs
 ‘Odishi’ is the classical dance belonging to the state of ______.
A. Tamilnadu
B. Andhra Pradesh
C. Odisha
D. Assam
 What does stupa signify?
A. Death
B. Knowledge
C. Birth
D. Parinirvana
 The Nagara style of architecture developed and flourished mainly in north
India.
A. True
B. False
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 MCQs
 The arrival of Babur into India led to the
(i) introduction of gunpowder in the subcontinent
(ii) introduction of the arch and dome in the region’s architecture
(iii) establishment of Timurid dynasty in the region
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) (i) and (ii) Only
(b) (iii) Only
(c) (i) and (iii) Only
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
 With reference to the cultural history of India, the term
Panchayatan refers to?
(a) An assembly of village elders (b) A religious sect
(c) A style of temple construction (d) An administrative functionary

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 MCQs
 To which school of painting Bani-Thani was related?
A. Bundi School
B. Kishangarh school
C. Chawand School
D. Jaipur School
 Puppetry is divided into ___categories.
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 3
(d) 2
 The Lumiere Brothers brought the concept of motion pictures to India.
A. True
B. False

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 Expected Questions for University Exam

 To what extent has the urban planning and culture of the Indus
Valley Civilisation provided inputs to the present day urbanisation?
 Why is Laurie Baker called “The Conscience Keeper of Indian
Architecture”?
 What are the difference between Architecture & Sculpture ?
 Write about the chief features of the town planning in Indus Valley
Civilisation?
 Architecture, with the arrival of Mughals, saw a pragmatic shift both
in style as well as theme. Critically examine.

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 Summary

• In this unit, we learned about Indian Architect, Engineering and

Architecture in Ancient India
• We also studied, Sculptures, Seals, coins, Pottery, Puppetry, Dance,
Music, Theatre, drama, Painting, Martial Arts Traditions.
• In this unit, Fairs and Festivals, Current developments in Arts and
Cultural
• We also studied, Indian’s Cultural Contribution to the World and
Indian Cinema

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 References

• V. Sivaramakrishna (Ed.), Cultural Heritage of India-Course

Material, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, 5th Edition, 2014
• S. Baliyan, Indian Art and Culture, Oxford University Press, India
• Romila Thapar, Readings In Early Indian History Oxford University

Thank You
Press , India
• P R Sharma ( English translation), Shodashang Hridayam
• Basham, A.L., The Wonder that was India (34th impression), New
Delhi, Rupa & company
• Sharma, R.S., Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient
India(fourth edition), Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass
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