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Visualization in Python

The document provides an overview of data visualization in Python, highlighting key libraries such as ggplot and Folium. It discusses various visualization techniques including standard charts, thematic maps, and the use of aesthetics and geometric objects in ggplot. The conclusion emphasizes Python's diverse visualization options and its integration with data processing tools.

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deepaa
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2 views

Visualization in Python

The document provides an overview of data visualization in Python, highlighting key libraries such as ggplot and Folium. It discusses various visualization techniques including standard charts, thematic maps, and the use of aesthetics and geometric objects in ggplot. The conclusion emphasizes Python's diverse visualization options and its integration with data processing tools.

Uploaded by

deepaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data visualization in

Python

Martijn Tennekes, Ali Hürriyetoglu

THE CONTRACTOR IS ACTING UNDER A FRAMEWORK CONTRACT CONCLUDED WITH THE COMMISSION

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Outline

• Overview data visualization in Python


• ggplot
• Folium
• Conclusion

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Which packages/functions

• Standard charts (e.g. line chart, bar chart, scatter plot):


• Matplotlib, Pandas, Seaborn, ggplot, Altair, ...
• Thematic maps
• Folium, Basemap, Cartopy, Iris, …
• Other visualisations
• Bokeh (interactive plots), plotly, …

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ggplot

• Based on one of the most popular R package (ggplot2)

• Based on the Grammar of Graphics (Wilkinson, 2005)

• Charts are build up according to this grammar:


• data
• mapping / aestetics
• geoms
• stats
• scales
• coord
• Facets
• Pandas DataFrames are used natively in ggplot.
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ggplot and qplot
Stacking of layers
Data: DataFrame. and transformations
with +

ggplot(mpg, aes(x = displ, y = cty) ) +


geom_point()

Aestatics: x, y, color, fill, shape


Geometry: points

Shortcut function: qplot (quick plot):

qplot(diamonds.carat, diamonds.price)

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Aesthetics

Mapping of data to
visual attributes of
geometric objects:

– Position: x, y
– Color: color
– Shape: shape

ggplot(aes(x='carat', y='price', color='clarity'), diamonds) +


geom_point()
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Aesthetics

Mapping of data to
visual attributes of
geometric objects:

– Position: x,y
– Color: color
– Shape: shape

ggplot(aes(x='carat', y='price', shape="cut"), diamonds) +


geom_point()
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Geom

• Geometric objects:
• Points, lines, polygons, …
• Functions start with “geom_”

• Also margins:
• geom_errorbar(), geom_pointrange(),
geom_linerange().
• Note: they require the aesthetics ymin and
ymax.

ggplot(mpg, aes(x = displ, y = cty)) +


geom_point() + geom_line() 8
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Stat

• stat_smooth() and stat_density() enable statistical transformation


• Most geoms have default stat (and the other way round)
• geom and stat form a layer
• One or more layers form a plot

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stat_smooth

ggplot(aes(x='date', y='beef'), data=meat) + geom_point() + \


stat_smooth(method='loess')
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stat_density

ggplot(aes(x='price', color='clarity'), data=diamonds) + stat_density()


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Scales (and axes)

• A scale indicates how the value of a variable scales with an


aesthetic
• Therefore:
• A scale belongs to one aesthetic (x, y, color, fill, etc.)
• The axis is an essential part of a scale
• With scale_XXX, the scales and axes can be adjusted (XXX stands
for the a combination of aesthetic and type of scale, e.g.
scale_fill_gradient)

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scale_x_log

ggplot(diamonds, aes(x='price')) + geom_histogram() + scale_x_log(base=100)


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Coord

• A chart is drawn in a coordinate


system. This can be transformed.
• A pie chart has a polar coordinate
system.

df = pd.DataFrame({"x": np.arange(100)})
df['y'] = df.x * 10 # polar coords
p = ggplot(df, aes(x='x', y='y')) + geom_point() + coord_polar()
print(p)
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Facets

• With facets, small


multiples are created.
• Each facet shows a subset
of the data.

ggplot(diamonds, aes(x='price')) + \
geom_histogram() + \
facet_grid("cut")

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Facets example

ggplot(chopsticks, aes(x='chopstick_length',
y='food_pinching_effeciency')) + \
geom_point() + \
geom_line() + \
scale_x_continuous(breaks=[150, 250, 350]) + \
facet_wrap("individual") 16
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Facets
example 2

ggplot(diamonds, aes(x="carat", y="price", color="color",


shape="cut")) + geom_point() + facet_wrap("clarity") 17
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ggplot tips
• You can annotate plots

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x='mpg')) + geom_histogram() + \


xlab("Miles per Gallon") + ylab("# of Cars")

• Assign a plot to a variable, for instance g:


g = ggplot(mpg, aes(x = displ, y = cty)) +
geom_point()

• The function save saves the plot to the desired format:

g.save(“myimage.png”)

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Folium: Thematic maps
• A thematic map is a visualization where statistical
information with a spatial component is shown.
• Other libraries are: Basemap, Cartopy, Iris
• Folium builds on the data wrangling strengths of
the Python ecosystem and the mapping strengths
of the Leaflet.js library.
• Manipulate your data in Python, then visualize it
in on a Leaflet map via Folium.

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Folium features
• Built-in tilesets from OpenStreetMap, MapQuest
Open, MapQuest Open Aerial, Mapbox, and
Stamen
• Supports custom tilesets with Mapbox or Cloudmade API
keys.
• Supports GeoJSON and TopoJSON overlays,
• as well as the binding of data to those overlays to create
choropleth maps with color-brewer color schemes.

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Basic Maps

folium.Map(location=[50.89, 5.99], zoom_start=14)


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Basic maps

folium.Map(location=[50.89, 5.99], zoom_start=14, tiles='Stamen Toner')


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GeoJSON/TopoJSON Overlays

ice_map = folium.Map(location=[-59, -11], tiles='Mapbox Bright', zoom_start=2)


ice_map.geo_json(geo_path=geo_path)
ice_map.geo_json(geo_path=topo_path, topojson='objects.antarctic_ice_shelf')
ice_map.create_map(path='ice_map.html') 23
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Choropleth maps

map = folium.Map(location=[48, -102], zoom_start=3)


map.choropleth(geo_path=state_geo, data=state_data,
columns=['State', 'Unemployment'], key_on='feature.id',
fill_color='YlGn', fill_opacity=0.7, line_opacity=0.2, 24
legend_name='Unemployment Rate (%)')
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Summary

• Python has many options for data visualization


• Each visualisation library has a particular audience
• Javascript backend is mostly used to extend power of the
visualisation
• Python’s extensive data processing tools integrates well
with visualisation requirements

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References
• http://yhat.github.io/ggplot/
• https://folium.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

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