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Chapter 1.2 Logarithm

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Silasri Balakrishnan
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12 views18 pages

Chapter 1.2 Logarithm

Uploaded by

Silasri Balakrishnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1 –

Numbers
LOGARITHM

 The common or base-10 logarithm of a number is the power to


which 10 must be raised to give the number.
 Since 100 = 102, the logarithm of 100 is equal to 2.
 This is written as:
Log(100) = 2.
 1,000,000 = 106 (one million), and
Log (1,000,000) = 6.
LOGARITHM
 0.0001 = 10-4, and Log(0.0001) = -4.
All numbers less than one have negative logarithms.
 As the numbers get smaller and smaller, their logs approach
negative infinity.
 The logarithm is not defined for negative numbers.
NUMBERS NOT EXACT POWERS OF 10

 Logarithms are defined for all positive numbers.


 Since Log (100) = 2 and Log (1000) = 3, then it follows
that the logarithm of 500 must be between 2 and 3.
 In fact, Log(500) = 2.699
SMALL NUMBERS NOT EXACT POWERS OF 10

 Log(0.001) = -3 and Log (0.0001) = - 4


 What would be the logarithm of 0.0007?
Since it is between the two numbers above, its logarithm should
be between -3 and -4.
 In fact, Log (0.0007) = -3.155
WHY LOGARITHMS?
 In scientific applications it is common to compare numbers of
greatly varying magnitude. Direct comparison of these numbers
can be difficult. Comparison by order of magnitude using logs is
much more effective.
 Time scales can vary from fractions of a second to billions of years.
 You might want to compare masses that vary from the mass of an
electron to that of a star.
 The following table presents an example:
ANTILOGS

 The operation that is the logical reverse of taking a logarithm is


called taking the antilogarithm of a number. The antilog of a
number is the result obtained when you raise 10 to that number.
 The antilog of 2 is 100 because 102=100.
 The antilog of -4 is 0.0001 because 10-4 = 0.0001
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

 For x > 0, b > 0 and b not equal to 1 the logarithm of x with base b
is defined by the following:

y
log b x  y  x b
BASE 10 LOG FUNCTION

log10 x  y  log x  y
NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

Base e – Euler
Number (2.71828)

log e x  y  ln x  y
CALCULATOR KEYS

 [log]
 Shift [log]  anti-log
 [ln]
 Shift [ln]  anti-ln
CHANGE OF BASE FORMULA

 For x > 0 for any positive bases a and b

log a x
log b x 
log a b
NEEDS FOR CHANGE OF BASE

log10 5 log 5
log 3 5  
log10 3 log3
log e 5 ln 5 1.46

log e 3 ln 3
BASIC PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

log b 1 0
log b b 1
log b x log b y  x  y
PRODUCT RULE OF
LOGARITHMS

log b  xy  log b x  log b y


QUOTIENT RULE FOR
LOGARITHMS

 x
log b   log b x  log b y
 y
POWER RULE FOR LOGARITHMS

log b x r log b x 
r
SUMMARY

log 𝑏 ( 𝑥𝑦 ) =log 𝑏 𝑥 +log 𝑏 𝑦

log 𝑏 ( )
𝑥
𝑦𝑟
=log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦
log 𝑏 𝑥 =𝑟 ( log 𝑏 𝑥 )

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