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Chapter 1.1 - Numbers

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7 views40 pages

Chapter 1.1 - Numbers

Uploaded by

Silasri Balakrishnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1 –

Numbers
LOGARITHM

 The common or base-10 logarithm of a number is the power to


which 10 must be raised to give the number.
 Since 100 = 102, the logarithm of 100 is equal to 2.
 This is written as:
Log(100) = 2.
 1,000,000 = 106 (one million), and
Log (1,000,000) = 6.
LOGARITHM
 0.0001 = 10-4, and Log(0.0001) = -4.
All numbers less than one have negative logarithms.
 As the numbers get smaller and smaller, their logs approach
negative infinity.
 The logarithm is not defined for negative numbers.
NUMBERS NOT EXACT POWERS OF 10

 Logarithms are defined for all positive numbers.


 Since Log (100) = 2 and Log (1000) = 3, then it follows
that the logarithm of 500 must be between 2 and 3.
 In fact, Log(500) = 2.699
SMALL NUMBERS NOT EXACT POWERS OF 10

 Log(0.001) = -3 and Log (0.0001) = - 4


 What would be the logarithm of 0.0007?
Since it is between the two numbers above, its logarithm should
be between -3 and -4.
 In fact, Log (0.0007) = -3.155
WHY LOGARITHMS?
 In scientific applications it is common to compare numbers of
greatly varying magnitude. Direct comparison of these numbers
can be difficult. Comparison by order of magnitude using logs is
much more effective.
 Time scales can vary from fractions of a second to billions of years.
 You might want to compare masses that vary from the mass of an
electron to that of a star.
 The following table presents an example:
YEARS BEFORE PRESENT (YBP)
Formation of Earth 4.6 x 109 YBP
Dinosaur extinction 6.5 x 107 YBP
First hominids 2 x 106 YBP
Last great ice age 1 x 104 YBP
First irrigation of crops 6 x 103 YBP
Declaration of Independence 2 x 102 YBP
Establishment of UWB 1 x 10 YBP
DATA PLOTTED WITH LINEAR SCALE

Events from Table I All except the


first two data
points are
Years before present 5.E+09
hidden on the
4.E+09 axis.
3.E+09
2.E+09
1.E+09
0.E+00
th r s ds g e on c e B
ar u ni A ti n W
E sa i e a de U
o om Ic r r ig n
in H I pe
D e
d
In
USE LOGS OF AGES

 Because the data spans such a large range, the display of it with a
linear axis is inappropriate (missing information).
 Instead, plot the logarithm of the tabular data. Now the range to be
plotted will be much smaller, and the plot will distinguish between
the ages of the various events.
LOG SCALE
EVENT YBP Log(YBP)
Formation of Earth 4.6 x 109 9.663
Dinosaur extinction 6.5 x 107 7.813
First hominids 2 x 106 6.301
Last great ice age 1 x 104 4.000
First irrigation of crops 6 x 103 3.778
Declaration of Independence 2 x 102 2.301
Establishment of UWB 1 x 10 1.000
LOG SCALE

Events from Table I All data are well


represented despite
10 their wide range.
8
Log(YBP)

6
4
2
0
th rs ds e n c e B
r u i Ag it o n W
Ea sa in e ga
nd
e U
in
o
H
om Ic rI ri pe
D e
d
In
COMPLETE THE TABLE
N N as power of 10 Log (N)

1000 103 3.000

200

75

10

5
CONTINUE…

N N as power of 10 Log (N)

0.1

0.062

0.001

0.00004
ANTILOGS

 The operation that is the logical reverse of taking a logarithm is


called taking the antilogarithm of a number. The antilog of a
number is the result obtained when you raise 10 to that number.
 The antilog of 2 is 100 because 102=100.
 The antilog of -4 is 0.0001 because 10-4 = 0.0001
COMPLETE THE TABLE
N As a power of 10 Antilog(N)

3 103 1000

1.5

-2

-3.4
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

 For x > 0, b > 0 and b not equal to 1 the logarithm of x with base b
is defined by the following:

y
log b x  y  x b
SHAPE OF LOGARITHMIC GRAPHS

 For b > 1, the graph rises from left to right.

 For 0 < b < 1, the graphs falls from left to right.


BASE 10 LOG FUNCTION

log10 x  y  log x  y
NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

Base e – Euler
Number (2.71828)

log e x  y  ln x  y
CALCULATOR KEYS

 [log]
 Shift [log]  anti-log
 [ln]
 Shift [ln]  anti-ln
CHANGE OF BASE FORMULA

 For x > 0 for any positive bases a and b

log a x
log b x 
log a b
NEEDS FOR CHANGE OF BASE

log10 5 log 5
log 3 5  
log10 3 log3
log e 5 ln 5 1.46

log e 3 ln 3
BASIC PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

log b 1 0
log b b 1
log b x log b y  x  y
PRODUCT RULE OF
LOGARITHMS

log b  xy  log b x  log b y


QUOTIENT RULE FOR
LOGARITHMS

 x
log b   log b x  log b y
 y
POWER RULE FOR LOGARITHMS

log b x r log b x 
r
SUMMARY

log 𝑏 ( 𝑥𝑦 ) =log 𝑏 𝑥 +log 𝑏 𝑦

log 𝑏 ( )
𝑥
𝑦𝑟
=log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦
log 𝑏 𝑥 =𝑟 ( log 𝑏 𝑥 )
COMPLEX NUMBER
 Complex number is the number represent by a real
number and imaginary number.
 There are two format of complex number:

Polar Form and Rectangular Form


 Real value is resistance and imaginary value is
reactance.
 Polar Form

R θ
 Rectangular Form

R ± jX
COMPLEX NUMBER
COMPLEX NUMBER
 Two forms – Rectangular Form and Polar Form

Rectangular Form
COMPLEX NUMBER
 Polar Form
CONVERSION BETWEEN RECTANGULAR
FORM (R.F) TO POLAR FORM (P.F)

 R.F  P.F
 X and Y  Z and θ
EXAMPLE

 Convert the following from rectangular to polar


form

C = 3 + j4
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION
CONVERSION BETWEEN POLAR FORM (P.F)
TO RECTANGULAR FORM (R.F)

 P.F  R.F
 Z and θ  X and Y
EXAMPLE
 Convert the following from polar to rectangular
form
PICTORIAL REPRESENTAION

7.07
MATHEMATICAL OPERATION

 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division


 Addition and Subtraction  Rectangular Form
 Multiplication and Division  Polar Form
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

 Add or subtract the real number with real number


and imaginary number with imaginary number
 Example:

A = 4 + j3 and B = 6 – j2
Find:
i) A+B
ii) B-A
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

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