CEng 3203-Theory of Structures

Chapter Three

Influence line for

determinate and
indeterminate
structures
Part-2:Influence line for
Indeterminate
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25 Indeterminate structures
 Outlines
 Introduction
 Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate
structures using static equilibrium method


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 Learning outcomes of this chapter
 Apply the concepts of Influence Line Diagram
(ILD) for moving loads on Civil Engineering
structures

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025
 Introduction
 The influence lines for statically indeterminate
structures are obtained by the static equilibrium
method or by the kinematic method as was the case
for determinate structures.
 The procedures for finding influence lines for
indeterminate structures by these methods are
similar to determinate structures.

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 Introduction
 The distinguishing feature between the graphs of
the influence lines for determinate and
indeterminate structures is that the former contains
straight lines while the later consists of curved lines.

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

Static Equilibrium Method

 Construction of ILD for indeterminate structures
requires computation of many more ordinates.
 Analytically, it is always possible to construct ILD by
repeated analysis of a structure under a unit applied
load, changing the load position for each analysis and
thus producing a succession of ordinates to the ILD
sought.
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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

 This is a direct method, and some time also known as

method of successive positions of unit load.
 This analytically approaches method includes the
consistent deformation method supported by a suitable
computational technique like conjugate beam method, or
virtual work method.
 Further, a large percentage of the computational efforts can
be eliminated by using the Betti – Maxwell’s reciprocal
theorem.
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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

Procedure of analysis by using static equilibrium

method
Step-1: Determine degree of static indeterminacy and
select the redundants.
Step-2: Select sections on the span for determining the
ordinates of ILD.
Step-3: Apply a unit load successively at each selected
section and calculate corresponding ILD ordinate.
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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

Step-4: Plot the ILD for the selected redundant.

Step-5: Draw ILDs for the other forces or moments
through equilibrium considerations.

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

Kinematic or Muller-Breslau method

 This method enables the analyzer to obtain the
correct shape of the influence lines without any
quantitative efforts.
 We use of the Muller-Breslau principle for drawing
the influence line for the reaction, shear, and
moment at a point .

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

 Muller Breslau principle states that the influence line for

a force (or moment) response function is given by the
deflected shape of the released structure obtained by
removing the restraint corresponding to the response
function from the original structure and by giving the
released structure a unit displacement (or rotation) at the
location and in the direction of the response function, so
that only the response function and the unit load perform
external work.
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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

ILD for reactions

ILD for Principle of superposition

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

 The compatibility equation for point A is thus

or

However, by Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal

displacements
 So that we can also compute (or the ordinate of the
influence line at D) using the equation

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

 So that we can also compute (or the ordinate of the

influence line at A) using the equation

 The Muller-Breslau principle requires removal of the

support at A and application of a vertical unit load.
 The resulting deflection curve, Figure d is to some
scale the shape of the influence line for .

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

ILD for shear

ILD for

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

 If the influence line for the shear at point E of the

beam is to be determined, then by the Muller-
Breslau principle the beam is imagined cut open at
this point and a sliding device is inserted at E (see
Figure b).
 This device will transmit a moment and normal
force but no shear.

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

 When the beam deflects due to positive unit shear

loads acting at E, the slope on each side of the guide
remains the same, and the deflection curve represents
to some scale the influence line for the shear at E
(see Figure C).
 Using the force method and Maxwell’s theorem of
reciprocal displacements,

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

ILD for moment

ILD for

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

 The influence line for the moment at E can be determined by placing

a pin or hinge at E.
 Since this connection transmits axial and shear forces but cannot
resist a moment (see Figure b).
 Applying a positive unit couple moment.

 The beam then deflects to the dashed position which yields to some
scale the influence line again a consequence of the Müller-Breslau
principle.
 Using the force method and Maxwell’s theorem, we can show that .

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

Procedure of analysis by using Mueller Breslau’s

principle
Step-1: Select the section for drawing ILD for a
response function (reactions, shear forces or bending
moments)
Step-2: Remove the resistance of the structure to that
response function, at the section

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Constructions of influence lines for indeterminate structures

Step-3: Produce a unit deformation at the section that

corresponds to the removed resistance, the resulting
deformed shape is the ILD.
Step-4: Using a suitable computational technique
calculate the ordinates and plot the ILD.
Step-5: Draw ILDs for the other forces or moments
through equilibrium considerations

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 Analysis Examples
Example-1
Draw the influence line for the shear at D for the
beam. EI is constant. Plot numerical values every .

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 Analysis Examples
Solution

• The capacity of the beam to resist shear at D is removed.

• This is done using the roller device shown.

• Applying a positive unit shear at D yields the shape of the

influence line as shown.

• The support reactions at A, B, and C on the “real beam”

when subjected to the unit shear at D are calculated.

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 Analysis Examples
 The corresponding conjugate beam is shown in the next slide.
 Here an external couple moment must be applied at D in
order to cause a different internal moment just to the left and
just to the right of D.
 These internal moments correspond to the displacements just
to the left and just to the right of D on the real beam is also
shown.
 The reactions at the supports and the external moment on the
conjugate beam have been computed.
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 Analysis Examples

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Example-2
• Draw the influence line for the moment at D for the beam in
Fig. 10–26a. EI is constant. Plot numerical values every 9 ft.
 IL for statically indeterminate structures

Solution
• A hinge is inserted at D in order to remove the
capacity of the beam to resist moment at this point.
• Applying positive unit couple moments at D yields the
influence line as shown.
• The reactions at A, B, and C on the “real beam” when
subjected to the unit couple moments at D are also
computed.
• The corresponding conjugate beam and its reactions are
shown.
 Solution
• A hinge is inserted at D in order to remove the
capacity of the beam to resist moment at this point.
• Applying positive unit couple moments at D yields the
influence line as shown.
• The reactions at A, B, and C on the “real beam” when
subjected to the unit couple moments at D are also
computed.
• The corresponding conjugate beam and its reactions are
shown.
It is suggested that the reactions be verified in both cases.
From the Figure, note that
 IL for statically indeterminate structures
• The angular displacement at D of the “real beam” in Fig. 10–26c
is defined by the reaction at on the conjugate beam.
• This factor,is divided into the above values to give the ordinates of
the influence line, that is,
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