Module 2 (Organization and

Presentation of Data)
Prepared By:
Bacomo, Cristy Loren S.
Bulaclac, Ana Mae V.
Cabiguen, Ayen F.
Casencia, Lorelyn G.
Castaña, Zaidee R.
Collantes, Ednalyn B.

Submitted to:
Ma. Chona Rizada
Ph.D
ORGANIZATION AND
PRESENTATION OF
DATA
 METHODS OF ORGANIZING DATA
The methods that we use to organize data include
classification, tabulation, graphical presentation and
diagrammatic presentation.

Classification of data refers to categorization of data. It

includes the summary of the frequency of individual scores or
ranges of scores for a variable. Data is grouped on the basis of
their similarities. The objectives of classification of data are to
present it in a condensed form, to explain its affinities and
diversities. Classification of data may be done on the basis of
qualitative and quantitative aspects.
Tabulation of data. It is way to systematically arrange the
data in rows and columns. The objective is to simplify the
presentation and to facilitate comparisons keeping in view the
objectives of the study.

Graphical presentation. Data is plotted on a pictorial

platform formed of horizontal and vertical lines. The purpose is
to provide a systematic way of “looking at” and understanding
of the data. Graphs can be polygon, chart or diagram. We can
create a graph on two mutually perpendicular lines called the
X and Y-axes.
Diagram is also used to present statistical data in simple,
readily comprehensible form. Diagrammatic presentation is
different form used only for presentation of the data in visual
form, whereas graphic presentation of the data can be used
for further analysis.
There are different forms of diagrams e.g., Bar diagram, Sub-
divided bar diagram, Multiple bar diagram, Pie diagram and
Pictogram.
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Frequency Distribution is an arrangement of the data which
shows the frequency of different values or groups of values of a
variable.

The gathered data can be classified as either ungrouped or

grouped data.

Ungrouped data – The data that has not been sorted into any
groups.

Grouped data – The data has been organized into several

groups.
ORGANIZING DATA

EXAMPLE 2.1
Test scores of the students of Teacher Maria

The data presented above is an example of ungrouped data

since the data are in the original form.
Table 1.1
Frequency distribution consists of class intervals and their
corresponding frequencies.

.
 Each class interval shows a lower limit and upper limit. For
the class interval 31-40, the lower limit is 31 while the upper
limit is 40. These limits are called class limits of the interval.

The class intervals are characterized by so called class

boundaries which are in fact the real or true limits of an
interval. Class boundary may be obtained by adding 0.5 to an
upper limit while subtracting 0.5 from a lower limit. Class
boundaries are more precise expressions of the class limits.

.
Each class intervals includes certain number of scores or values.
This number of scores included in a class interval is called class
size or the width of the interval and is denoted by (i ). In the
distribution presented in Table 1, the class size is 10 since each
class interval includes 10 scores or values. In relation to the
class intervals which it represents, this mid-value is called class
mark and is denoted by (Xm) of the interval. In getting the class
mark of each interval, add the upper and lower limit of each
interval then divide it by 2.

For example, in the class interval 31 – 40, to get its

corresponding class mark, the sum of its upper and lower limits
should be divided by 2: (31 + 40) ÷ 2 = 35.5
Table 1.2
Presented below shows the distribution including the class
boundaries and class marks.
It is often desirable to cumulate, or add up, the frequencies of a
distribution to determine the number of observations that lie
above (greater than) or below (less than) a class boundary.
When the successive frequencies are added from the smallest to
the largest class interval, we obtain a less than cumulative
frequency (< cf). This implies that number of observations
that fall below a specified upper boundary. On the other hand,
when the frequencies are cumulated starting of the largest class
interval, the result is a greater than cumulative frequency
(> cf). This indicates the number of cases that are above on the
lower boundaries of the corresponding class intervals.
Table 1.3
Below shows the distribution that includes the less than and
greater than cumulative frequencies.
The following conclusions can be drawn in the distribution using
the values of the less than and greater than cumulative
frequencies:

For less than cumulative frequencies (< cf)

o 33 students got a score of 30 and below.
o 15 students got a score of 20 and below.
o 3 students got a score of 10 and below.

For greater than cumulative frequencies (> cf)

o 17 students got a score of 31 and above.
o 35 students got a score of 21 and above.
o 47 students got a score of 11 and above
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
 After the researcher had organized the data into a
frequency distribution, he/she can present them in
graphical form. There are two types of graph which
are generally appropriate for simple grouped
frequency distribution. These are histogram and
frequency polygon. Statistical graphs can be used
to describe the data set or to analyze it. Graphs are
useful in getting the reader’s attention since these
are intended to show more clearly some important
features of a frequency distribution.
HISTOGRAM
Histogram is a graph that
displays the data by using
continuous vertical bars if
various heights to represent
the frequencies of the
classes.
The general practice in
constructing histogram is to plot
the class boundaries on the
horizontal axis and the
frequencies on the vertical axis.
Figure 1.1 shows the histogram
of the frequency distribution in
Table 1.1
Figure 1.1 Histogram for the Test Score
FREQUENCY POLYGON
 Frequency Polygon is a graph that
displays the data by using lines that
connect points plotted for the
frequencies at the midpoints of the
classes (class mark).
The frequencies are represented
by the height of the polygon.
A frequency polygon is constructed by
plotting the frequencies against the
corresponding class marks, connecting
successive points by means of straight lines,
and allowing both tails to touch the
horizontal axis by adding an extra class
mark at each tail of the distribution.
A frequency polygon is constructed by
plotting the frequencies against the
corresponding class marks, connecting
successive points by means of straight lines,
and allowing both tails to touch the
horizontal axis by adding an extra class
mark at each tail of the distribution.
Figure 1.2 shows the frequency
polygon of the frequency
distribution in Table 1.1.
The frequency polygon and histogram are two different
ways to represent the frequency
distribution.
However, the choice of which one to
use is left to the discretion of the researcher.
The frequency polygon and histogram are two different
ways to represent the frequency
distribution.
However, the choice of which one to
use is left to the discretion of the researcher.
METHODS OF
PRESENTING
DATA
SUPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 2.1
The following admission test scores are obtained by a sample of 100 freshmen students
in a certain state university.
 A. Construct a frequency distribution
using a class size starting with 21 as the
lowest limit.
Class
Class Interval f Boundaries Class Marks
21-25 10 20.25-25.5 23
26-30 27 25.5-30.5 28
31-35 17 30.5-35.5 33
36-40 18 35.5-40.5 38
41-45 18 40.5-45.5 43
46-50 10 45.5-50.5 48
i=5 f=100
 B. Construct a histogram for this
distribution
HISTOGRAM
30

25

20
FREQUENCY

15

10

0
20.25-25.5 25.5-30.5 30.5-35.5 35.5-40.5 40.5-45.5 45.5-50.5

CLASS BOUNDARIES
 C. Construct a frequency polygon for this
distribution
FREQUENCY POLYGON

27

18 18
17
FREQUENCY

10 10

23 28 33 38 43 48
CLASS MARKS
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 2.2

The following table shows the noise

distribution in residential and commercial
areas of Barangay San Miguel. Noise levels
were recorded using noise meter device
and expressed in terms of decibels (dB).
Data were collected from March 28 to
March 31 during different time intervals.
March 28, 2019 RESIDENTIAL AREA COMMERCIAL AREA
12AM-4 AM 70 73
4 AM-8AM 68 77
8 AM-12 NN 61 81
12NN- 4 PM 65 81
4 PM- 8 PM 59 80
8 PM- 12 MN 69 78
March 29, 2019 RESIDENTIAL AREA COMMERCIAL AREA
12AM-4 AM 64 75
4 AM-8AM 64 75
8 AM-12 NN 66 80
12NN- 4 PM 80 75
4 PM- 8 PM 64 80
8 PM- 12 MN 59 79
March 30, 2019 RESIDENTIAL AREA COMMERCIAL AREA
12AM-4 AM 64 79
4 AM-8AM 67 79
8 AM-12 NN 62 80
12NN- 4 PM 67 80
4 PM- 8 PM 67 81
8 PM- 12 MN 58 70
A. Present the distribution using appropriate graphical representation.

90

C C C
80 C C
C
R R
70 R
R
R
60 R
NOISE LEVEL

50

40 R-RESIDENTIAL AREA
C-COMMERCIAL AREA

30

20

10

0 0
0
March 28, 12AM-4 AM 4 AM-8AM 8 AM-12 NN 12NN- 4 PM 4 PM- 8 PM 8 PM- 12 MN
2019

TIME
B. Present the distribution using appropriate graphical representation.
90
R-RESIDENTIAL AREA
C-COMMERCIAL AREA
C R C C
80
C C C

70
R
R R R

60 R
NOISE LEVEL

50

40

30

20

10

0 0
0
March 29, 2019 12AM-4 AM 4 AM-8AM 8 AM-12 NN 12NN- 4 PM 4 PM- 8 PM 8 PM- 12 MN

TIME
C. Present the distribution using appropriate graphical representation.
90
R-RESIDENTIAL AREA
C-COMMERCIAL AREA
C C C
80 C C

C
70
R R R
R
R
60 R

50

40

30

20

10

0 0
0
March 30, 2019 12AM-4 AM 4 AM-8AM 8 AM-12 NN 12NN- 4 PM 4 PM- 8 PM 8 PM- 12 MN
B. Interpret the graph.

 The chart gives information about the noise distribution in residential and

commercial areas of Barangay San Miguel, and a noise levels where

recorded using noise meter device and express in terms of decibels.

 According to the chart, on March 28, 2019 there were no consistency at the

noise distribution in both residential and commercial area in different

phases of time, however the graph shows that commercial areas has the

highest noise level on the first day of recording the day reached 81 decibels

during 8AM to 4PM and it is the lowest noise level of residential area which

they also had 61 decibels only.

 During the 2nd day of recording, on March 29, 2019. There is no
consistency also between the two areas. However during 12MN to 4PM the
chart shows that the residential areal that the highest noise level reaching
80 decibels while the commercial area also had 75 decibels only.

 On the 3rd day of recording as well the last day. We can see that the
residential area and commercial area has their lowest recorded noise level
from 1st day up to last and it is during 8PM to 12MN. They only had 58
decibels for residential area and only 70 decibels for commercial area.

 As we can see from the chart from day 1 to day 3 there are no consistency
in their noise levels. However they also have their time which they can
reached at their maximum and minimum level of noise.