Introduction to

Computing
History of Computing
19th Century
1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French
merchant and inventor invents a loom that uses
punched wooden cards to automatically weave
fabric designs. Early computers would use
similar punch cards.
1821: English mathematician Charles Babbage
conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine
that would be able to compute tables of
numbers. Funded by the British government, the
project, called the "Difference Engine" fails due
to the lack of technology at the time, according
to the University of Minnesota.
19th Century
1848: Ada Lovelace, an English mathematician and the
daughter of poet Lord Byron, writes the world's first computer
program. According to Anna Siffert, a professor of theoretical
mathematics at the University of Münster in Germany, Lovelace
writes the first program while translating a paper on Babbage's
Analytical Engine from French into English. "She also provides
her own comments on the text. Her annotations, simply called
"notes," turn out to be three times as long as the actual
transcript," Siffert wrote in an article for The Max Planck Society.
"Lovelace also adds a step-by-step description for computation
of Bernoulli numbers with Babbage's machine — basically an
algorithm — which, in effect, makes her the world's first
computer programmer." Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of
rational numbers often used in computation.
 Famed mathematician Charles Babbage designed a Victorian-era computer called the
Analytical Engine. This is a portion of the mill with a printing mechanism. (Image credit:
Getty / Science & Society Picture Library)
19th Century
1853: Swedish inventor Per Georg Scheutz and his son
Edvard design the world's first printing calculator. The
machine is significant for being the first to "compute
tabular differences and print the results," according to
Uta C. Merzbach's book, "Georg Scheutz and the First
Printing Calculator" (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977).
1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch-card system
to help calculate the 1890 U.S. Census. The machine,
saves the government several years of calculations, and
the U.S. taxpayer approximately $5 million, according
to Columbia University Hollerith later establishes a
company that will eventually become International
Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
Early 20th Century
1931: At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
Vannevar Bush invents and builds the Differential Analyzer, the
first large-scale automatic general-purpose mechanical analog
computer, according to Stanford University.
1936: Alan Turing, a British scientist and mathematician,
presents the principle of a universal machine, later called the
Turing machine, in a paper called "On Computable Numbers…"
according to Chris Bernhardt's book "Turing's Vision" (The MIT
Press, 2017). Turing machines are capable of computing
anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern
computer is based on his ideas. Turing is later involved in the
development of the Turing-Welchman Bombe, an electro-
mechanical device designed to decipher Nazi codes during
World War II, according to the UK's National Museum of
Computing.
Early 20th Century
 1937: John Vincent Atanasoff, a professor of physics
and mathematics at Iowa State University, submits a
grant proposal to build the first electric-only computer,
without using gears, cams, belts or shafts.
 1939: David Packard and Bill Hewlett found the
Hewlett Packard Company in Palo Alto, California. The
pair decide the name of their new company by the
toss of a coin, and Hewlett-Packard's first
headquarters are in Packard's garage, according
to MIT.
 The newly renovated garage where in 1939 Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard started
their business, Hewlett Packard, in Palo Alto, California. (Image credit: Getty / David
Paul Morris)
Early 20th Century
1941: German inventor and engineer Konrad Zuse completes his
Z3 machine, the world's earliest digital computer, according to
Gerard O'Regan's book "A Brief History of Computing" (Springer,
2021). The machine was destroyed during a bombing raid on
Berlin during World War II. Zuse fled the German capital after the
defeat of Nazi Germany and later released the world's first
commercial digital computer, the Z4, in 1950, according to
O'Regan.
1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design
the first digital electronic computer in the U.S., called the
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). This marks the first time a
computer is able to store information on its main memory, and is
capable of performing one operation every 15 seconds, according
to the book "Birthing the Computer" (Cambridge Scholars
Publishing, 2016)
Early 20th Century
1945: Two professors at the University of
Pennsylvania, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, design
and build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC). The machine is the first "automatic,
general-purpose, electronic, decimal, digital computer,"
according to Edwin D. Reilly's book "Milestones in
Computer Science and Information Technology"
(Greenwood Press, 2003).
1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of
Pennsylvania and receive funding from the Census
Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial
computer for business and government applications.
Computer operators program the ENIAC, the first automatic, general-purpose,
electronic, decimal, digital computer, by plugging and unplugging cables and
adjusting switches (Image credit: Getty / Historical)
Early 20th Century
1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell
Laboratories invent the transistor. They discover how to make an
electric switch with solid materials and without the need for a
vacuum.
1949: A team at the University of Cambridge develops the
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), "the first
practical stored-program computer," according to O'Regan.
"EDSAC ran its first program in May 1949 when it calculated a
table of squares and a list of prime numbers," O'Regan wrote. In
November 1949, scientists with the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR), now called CSIRO, build Australia's first
digital computer called the Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research Automatic Computer (CSIRAC). CSIRAC is the first digital
computer in the world to play music, according to O'Regan.
Late 20th Century
1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer
language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL,
which stands for COmmon, Business-Oriented Language
according to the National Museum of American History.
Hopper is later dubbed the "First Lady of Software" in her
posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom citation.
Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas
Johnson Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help
the United Nations keep tabs on Korea during the war.
1954: John Backus and his team of programmers at IBM
publish a paper describing their newly created FORTRAN
programming language, an acronym for FORmula
TRANslation, according to MIT.
Late 20th Century
1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the
integrated circuit, known as the computer chip. Kilby is
later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work.
1968: Douglas Engelbart reveals a prototype of the
modern computer at the Fall Joint Computer Conference,
San Francisco. His presentation, called "A Research
Center for Augmenting Human Intellect" includes a live
demonstration of his computer, including a mouse and a
graphical user interface (GUI), according to the Doug
Engelbart Institute. This marks the development of the
computer from a specialized machine for academics to a
technology that is more accessible to the general public.
 The first computer mouse was invented in 1963 by Douglas C. Engelbart and
presented at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in 1968 (Image credit: Getty / Apic)
Late 20th Century
1969: Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and a group of
other developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an
operating system that made "large-scale networking of
diverse computing systems — and the internet —
practical," according to Bell Labs.. The team behind UNIX
continued to develop the operating system using the C
programming language, which they also optimized.
 1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103,
the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip.
Late 20th Century
1971: A team of IBM engineers led by Alan Shugart
invents the "floppy disk," enabling data to be shared
among different computers.
1972: Ralph Baer, a German-American engineer,
releases Magnavox Odyssey, the world's first home
game console, in September 1972 , according to
the Computer Museum of America. Months later,
entrepreneur Nolan Bushnell and engineer Al Alcorn with
Atari release Pong, the world's first commercially
successful video game.
Late 20th Century
1973: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff
for Xerox, develops Ethernet for connecting multiple
computers and other hardware.
1977: The Commodore Personal Electronic Transactor
(PET), is released onto the home computer market,
featuring an MOS Technology 8-bit 6502 microprocessor,
which controls the screen, keyboard and cassette player.
The PET is especially successful in the education market,
according to O'Regan.
Late 20th Century
1975: The magazine cover of the January issue of
"Popular Electronics" highlights the Altair 8080 as the
"world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial
models." After seeing the magazine issue, two "computer
geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write software
for the Altair, using the new BASIC language. On April 4,
after the success of this first endeavor, the two childhood
friends form their own software company, Microsoft.
1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak co-found Apple
Computer on April Fool's Day. They unveil Apple I, the first
computer with a single-circuit board and ROM (Read Only
Memory), according to MIT.
 The Apple I computer, devised by Steve Wozniak, Steven Jobs and Ron Wayne, was a
basic circuit board to which enthusiasts would add display units and keyboards. (Image
credit: Getty / Science & Society Picture Library)
Late 20th Century
1977: Radio Shack began its initial production run of
3,000 TRS-80 Model 1 computers — disparagingly known
as the "Trash 80" — priced at $599, according to the
National Museum of American History. Within a year, the
company took 250,000 orders for the computer,
according to the book "How TRS-80 Enthusiasts Helped
Spark the PC Revolution" (The Seeker Books, 2007).
1977: The first West Coast Computer Faire is held in
San Francisco. Jobs and Wozniak present the Apple II
computer at the Faire, which includes color graphics and
features an audio cassette drive for storage.
Late 20th Century
1978: VisiCalc, the first computerized spreadsheet
program is introduced.
1979: MicroPro International, founded by software
engineer Seymour Rubenstein, releases WordStar, the
world's first commercially successful word processor.
WordStar is programmed by Rob Barnaby, and includes
137,000 lines of code, according to Matthew G.
Kirschenbaum's book "Track Changes: A Literary History
of Word Processing" (Harvard University Press, 2016).
Late 20th Century
1981: "Acorn," IBM's first personal computer, is released
onto the market at a price point of $1,565, according to
IBM. Acorn uses the MS-DOS operating system from
Windows. Optional features include a display, printer, two
diskette drives, extra memory, a game adapter and more.
1983: The Apple Lisa, standing for "Local Integrated
Software Architecture" but also the name of Steve Jobs'
daughter, according to the National Museum of American
History (NMAH), is the first personal computer to feature a
GUI. The machine also includes a drop-down menu and
icons. Also this year, the Gavilan SC is released and is the
first portable computer with a flip-form design and the very
first to be sold as a "laptop."
The Acorn was IBM's first personal computer and used MS-DOS
operating system. (Image credit: Getty / Spencer Grant)
Late 20th Century
1984: The Apple Macintosh is announced to the world
during a Superbowl advertisement. The Macintosh is
launched with a retail price of $2,500, according to the
NMAH.
1985: As a response to the Apple Lisa's GUI, Microsoft
releases Windows in November 1985, the Guardian
reported. Meanwhile, Commodore announces the Amiga
1000.
1989: Tim Berners-Lee, a British researcher at the
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN),
submits his proposal for what would become the World
Wide Web. His paper details his ideas for Hyper Text
Markup Language (HTML), the building blocks of the Web.
Late 20th Century
1993: The Pentium microprocessor advances the use
of graphics and music on PCs.
1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google
search engine at Stanford University.
1997: Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which at
the time is struggling financially. This investment ends
an ongoing court case in which Apple accused Microsoft
of copying its operating system.
1999: Wi-Fi, the abbreviated term for "wireless fidelity"
is developed, initially covering a distance of up to 300
feet (91 meters) Wired reported.
21th Century
2001: Mac OS X, later renamed OS X then simply macOS,
is released by Apple as the successor to its standard Mac
Operating System. OS X goes through 16 different versions,
each with "10" as its title, and the first nine iterations are
nicknamed after big cats, with the first being codenamed
"Cheetah," TechRadar reported.
2003: AMD's Athlon 64, the first 64-bit processor for
personal computers, is released to customers.
2004: The Mozilla Corporation launches Mozilla Firefox
1.0. The Web browser is one of the first major challenges to
Internet Explorer, owned by Microsoft. During its first five
years, Firefox exceeded a billion downloads by users,
according to the Web Design Museum.
21th Century
2005: Google buys Android, a Linux-based mobile
phone operating system
2006: The MacBook Pro from Apple hits the shelves.
The Pro is the company's first Intel-based, dual-core
mobile computer.
2009: Microsoft launches Windows 7 on July 22. The
new operating system features the ability to pin
applications to the taskbar, scatter windows away by
shaking another window, easy-to-access jumplists,
easier previews of tiles and more, TechRadar reported.
 Apple CEO Steve Jobs holds the iPad during the launch of Apple's new
tablet computing device in San Francisco, 2010. (Image credit: Getty / )
21th Century
2010: The iPad, Apple's flagship handheld tablet, is
unveiled.
2011: Google releases the Chromebook, which runs on
Google Chrome OS.
2015: Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases
Windows 10.
2016: The first reprogrammable quantum computer was
created. "Until now, there hasn't been any quantum-
computing platform that had the capability to program new
algorithms into their system. They're usually each tailored
to attack a particular algorithm," said study lead author
Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and optical
engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.
21th Century
2017: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) is developing a new "Molecular Informatics"
program that uses molecules as computers. "Chemistry
offers a rich set of properties that we may be able to
harness for rapid, scalable information storage and
processing," Anne Fischer, program manager in DARPA's
Defense Sciences Office, said in a statement. "Millions of
molecules exist, and each molecule has a unique three-
dimensional atomic structure as well as variables such as
shape, size, or even color. This richness provides a vast
design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to
encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current
logic-based, digital architectures."
What is Computer?
Computer
device for processing, storing, and displaying
information
isan electronic device that manipulates information, or
data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process
data
is a device that accepts information (in the form of
digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result
based on a program, software, or sequence of
instructions on how the data is to be processed
Types of Computer

Analog Computers

Digital Computers
Types of Computer: Analog
Computers
 is a special type of computer, where to use data in
continuously form, not discrete, and changeable continues
stream of data is known as “Analog Data”.
 can store analog data in the continuous physical quantities
likes as electrical potential, fluid pressure, or mechanical
motion,
 it produces the result with using of measures
 used in such areas, where to need data to be measure
directly without transforming into numbers
 uses the programs for transforming of problematic
equations into analog circuit.
Types of Computer: Analog
Computers
Analog Computers: Slide Rules
Analog Computers: Differential
Analyzer
Analog Computers: Castle Clock
Analog Computers: Electronic
Analog Computer
Analog Computers: Mechanical
Analog Computer
Analog Computers: Pneumatic
Analog Computer
Analog Computers: Hydraulic
Analog Computer
Types of Computer: Digital
Computers
is a machine that stores data in a numerical format and
performs operations on that data using mathematical
manipulation
this type of computer typically includes some sort of
device to store information, some method for input and
output of data, and components that allow mathematical
operations to be performed on stored data
digital computers are almost always electronic but do
not necessarily need to be so
Digital Computers: Main 3 Parts

 Input: The user normally provides the data to the

 Processing: The input that is provided by the user is

 Output: Once the processing is completed, based on

 Fake News
 E- waste
 Lack of Concentration and Irritation