COS 101:

Introduction to
Computing Sciences
Course Lecturer

Dr. U. C. Ogude
Dr. A. M. Nwohiri: 0814 546
5855
Dr. L. Ikuvwerha: 0803 372 3078

Department of Computer Sciences

 Lecturer/
Instructor
Dr. Ufuoma C. Ogude
Department of Computer Sciences
University of Lagos

Office: Rm016
Office Hours: Tuesdays and Wednesdays or by
appointment
0803 820 7103
 Schedule
 Lecture Schedule:
 Tuesdays 8:00am - 10:00am
 Class Venue: Join Zoom
 Please attend your lectures. Attendance is mandatory

 Expectations
 Read assigned readings
 Attend lectures and participate in discussions
 Bring your ideas and concerns to class
 Work effectively in a group setting
 Learn how to use the tools and understand your project
very well when necessary
 Learning
Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. explain basic components of computers and other
computing devices;
2. describe the various applications of computers;
3. explain information processing and its roles in the society;
4. describe the internet, its various applications and its
impact;
5. explain the different areas of the computing discipline and
its specializations; and
6. demonstrate practical skills on using computers and the
internet.
 Synopsis
CCMAS

Core Curriculum and Minimum Academic Standards

(CCMAS)
 Contents
Brief history of computing. Description of the basic components of a
computer/computing device. Input/Output devices and peripherals.
Hardware, software and human ware. Diverse and growing
computer/digital applications. Information processing and its roles in
society. The Internet, its applications and its impact on the world
today. The different areas/programs of the computing discipline. The
job specializations for computing professionals. The future of
computing.
Lab Work: Practical demonstration of the basic parts of a
computer. Illustration of different operating systems of different
computing devices including desktops, laptops, tablets, smart
boards and smart phones. Demonstration of commonly used
applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, presentation
software and graphics. Illustration of input and output devices
including printers, scanners, projectors and smartboards. Practical
demonstration of the Internet and its various applications.
 Outline
 Week 1: Introduction
 Week 2: Evolution of Computer
 Week 3: Computer System: Components of a Computer System
 Week 4: Introduction to Software and Programming Languages
 Week 5: Computer Processing Models and Computer Networks
 Week 6: Information Representation
 Week 7: First Continuous Assessment (LABORATORY LOG BOOK)
 Week 8: Introduction to Programming
 Week 9: Control Structures in Visual Basic
 Week 10: Internet
 Week 11: Second Continuous Assessment (LABORATORY LOG
BOOK)
 Week 12: Examination
Material
TEXT BOOK

“Introduction to Computing
Sciences & Visual Basic
Languages”
COURSETEXT
LABORATORY LOG BOOK
by

Department of Computer
Sciences
UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

The textbook is
 Evaluation
 Final Examination: 70%

 Continuous Assessment:

30%
 COMPUTER
SYSTEM:
COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER SYSTEM
 Presentation
Outline
 Computer System
 Components of a Computer System
 Computer Hardware
 Input Devices
 Pointing Devices
 Scanning Devices
 The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Types of Processors
 Types of Storage Devices
Computer System

 The computer system is a collection of entities

(hardware, software and liveware) that are designed to
receive, process, manage and present information in a
meaningful format.

 In other word, computer system is a basic, complete, and

functional hardware and software setup with everything
needed to implement computing performance.
 Components of a
Computer System
 Computer hardware - Are physical parts/ intangible
parts of a computer. e.g., Input devices, output devices,
central processing unit and storage devices

 Computer software - also known as programs or

applications. They are classified into two classes namely -
system software and application software

 Liveware - is the computer user. Also, known as orgware

or the humanware. The user commands the computer
system to execute on instructions.
 Computer
Hardware
 Computer
Hardware
 Hardware refers to the physical, tangible computer equipment

and devices, which provide support for major functions such as

input, processing (internal storage, computation, and control),

output, secondary storage (for data and programs), and

communication.

 The hardware refers to the physical components or

functional units of a computer which make up the
computer configuration
 The design and construction of the hardware of a
particular computer is referred to as its architecture or
 Hardware
Organization
CPU

memory

motherboard

hard drive
Physical Components of
computer hardware
omponents of a Computer System
Central
Central Processing
Processing Unit
Unit
Data (CPU)
(CPU)
control unit (CU)

Memory output
Arithmeti
c RAM units
Input
Logic Unit
units ROM
(ALU)

Auxiliar Information
y /Knowledge
Memory
 Hardware
Components
 Computer
Hardware
 Computer Hardware
 Input Devices
 Pointing Devices
 Scanning Devices
 Output
 The data or instructions you type into the computer are

called input

 The result of the computer processing your input is

referred to as output

 Peripheral devices accomplish input and output

functions
 Input
 Input unit – Input unit is a unit that accepts any input device.
The input device is used to input data into the computer
system
 This unit is used for entering data and programs into
the computer system by the user for processing.
 Most common are keyboard and mouse

Function of input unit:

 It converts inputted data into binary codes
 It sends data to main memory of computer
Selector Buttons
 Devices
 You use an input device, such as a
keyboard or a mouse, to input data and
issue commands
 Keyboard
 Ergonomic
 Pointing device
 Controls the pointer
 Mouse

 Scroll wheel
 Trackball
 Touch pad

 Pointing stick

 Scanner
 Output
 Output Unit –Output unit is a unit that constituents a
number of output device. An output device is used to
show the result of processing.
 The output unit is used for storing the result as
output produced by the computer after
processing.
Function of Output unit:
 it accepts data or information sends from main
memory of computer
 It converts binary coded information into HLL or
inputted languages.
 Devices
 Output devices
show you the results
of processing data
 Monitor
 Flat panel
 LCD

 CRT

 Printer
 Laser
 Inkjet

 Dot matrix
 Storage
Unit/Media
The storage unit is used for
storing data and instructions
before and after processing

 A computer file is a named

collection of stored data
 An executable file contains
the instructions that tell a
computer how to perform a
specific task
 A data file is created by a
 Storage Media
 Magnetic media
 Hard disk
 Tape
 Floppy disk
 Optical storage device
 CD
 DVD
 CD-R
 CD-RW
 CD-ROM
 Flash memory
 Flash memory cards
 USB flash storage device
 USB drive (flash drive)
 Processing
Hardware
 The motherboard is the
main electronic component
of the computer
 Circuit board
 The microprocessor is one
of the most important
pieces of processing
hardware on the
motherboard
 Cards are removable circuit
Memory Unit (MU)
 Memory is used to store data and instructions before and

after processing.

 Memory is also called Primary memory or internal

memory. It is used to store data temporary or

permanently.

 Computer’s memory can be classified into two types;

 primary memory and
 secondary memory
 Memory
 Random access memory (RAM)
 Volatile memory
 SDRAM
 Cache memory (RAM cache or CPU
cache)
 Virtual memory
 Read-only memory (ROM)
 BIOS
 Nonvolatile memory
 Complementary metal oxide
semiconductor memory (CMOS)
 Semipermanent memory
Primary Memory
 Also known as main memory.

 Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the

central processing unit via a memory bus.

 The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there

and executes them as required.

 Primary Memory can be further classified as

RAM and ROM.

 RAM (Random Access
Memory)
 It is the place in a computer where the operating system,
application programs and the data in current use are kept
temporarily so that they can be accessed by the
computer’s processor.
 It is said to be ‘volatile’ since its contents are accessible
only as long as the computer is on.
 The contents of RAM are no more available once the
computer is turned off.

This is the part of the computer that stores operating system

software, software applications and other information for the central
processing unit (CPU) to have fast and direct access when needed to
perform tasks.
 ROM (Read Only
Memory)
 Programmed at manufacturing time and contains

manufacturer’s instructions.

 Its contents cannot be changed by users

 It is a permanent store

 ROM or Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which

can only be read and contents of which are not lost even when
the computer is switched off.
 ROM also stores an initial program called the ‘bootstrap loader’
whose function is to start the operation of computer system
once the power is turned on.
 Secondary
Memory
 Secondary/auxiliary memory is storage. It is not

directly accessible by the CPU.

 Computer usually uses its input/output channels to

access secondary storage and transfers the desired

data using intermediate area in primary storage.

 Secondary storage devices are of two types;

 Magnetic devices include hard disks and
 Optical storage devices are CDs, DVDs, Pen drive,
Zip drive etc.
 Secondary
Storage
 Stores data and programs
permanently: its retained after the
power is turned off
 Examples
• Hard Drive (Hard Disk)
 Located outside the CPU,
but most often contained in the
system cabinet
• Floppy Disk
• Optical Laser Discs
 CD-ROM, CD-RW, and DVD
 Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
 The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical
operations is called processing.
 It takes data and instructions from the storage unit and
makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions
given and the type of data provided. It is then sent back to
the storage unit
 Central Processing Unit (CPU) – CPU is called the brain
of a computer.
 An electronic circuitry that carries out the instruction given
by a computer program.
 CPU can be sub classified into three parts.
 Control unit (CU)
 Control Unit
(CU)
Coordinates all activities of the computer by:
 Determining which operations to perform and in what
order to carry them out.
 The CU transmits coordinating control signals to other
computer components.

Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are

performed by control unit.
It takes care of step by step processing of all operations inside the
computer
 the control unit manages the various components of the computer.
It reads instructions from memory and interpretation and changes
in a series of signals to activate other parts of the computer.
 It controls and co-ordinate is input output memory and all other
 Arithmetic & Logic Unit
(ALU)
Consists of electronic circuitry to perform:
 Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division)
 Logical operations (and, or, not, …) and to make some
comparisons (less-than, equal, … etc.)

All calculations and comparisons, based on the instructions

provided, are carried out within the ALU.
It performs arithmetic functions like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and also logical operations like greater
than, less than and equal to etc
 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs simple
arithmetic operation such as +,-, *, / and logical operation such
 Function of
(CPU)
 It controls all the parts and software and data flow of
computer.
 It performs all operations.
 It accepts data from input device.
 It sends information to output device.
 Executing programs stored in memory
 It stores data either temporarily or permanent basis.
 It performs arithmetical and logical operations.
 Computer Hardware
 What is hardware?

A. A program to process words

B. A physical component of a computer

C. A database of facts

D. A computer programming book

 Common Secondary Media
• Diskettes
– Data represented as magnetic spots on
removable flexible plastic disks
– Most common size is 3 1/2 inches, in a rigid
plastic case
– Disk drive holds the diskette, reads or
retrieves the data and writes or stores data
 Common Secondary Media
• Hard drive

– Data is represented magnetically as

with diskettes
– Normally more than one rigid platter
in a sealed unit
– These disks are not removable
– Significantly more capacity and faster
operating than diskettes
 Common Secondary Media
 Optical Laser Discs
 CD ROM & DVD’s
 Data is represented as pits and lands
 Some kinds are read only (CD-ROM) and some

Kinds are rewritable (CD-RW)

 Significantly more capacity and faster operating

than diskettes

DVD: Digital Video Disk