DCC (DATA COMMUNICATION &

COMPUTER NETWORK )
Project:
THE STUDY OF OSI MODEL
Group no: 29

SR NAME ROLL NO.

NO.
1 Nikita Devidas Shelke 128
2 Sanskruti Shantaram 141
Mahale
3 Chetan Manohar 129
Sonawane
4 Shrushti Rajendra Wagh 132
5 Sujal Madhukar Rajput 148
Topic: THE STUDY OF
OSI MODEL
Content:
Introduction
Definition
Types
Advantages & Disadvantages
Summary
Overview
Conclusion
 Introduction
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference tool for
understanding data communications between any two networked systems. It
divides the communications processes into seven layers. Each layer both
performs specific functions to support the layers above it and offers services to
the layers below it. The three lowest layers focus on passing traffic through the
network to an end system. The top four layers come into play in the end
system to complete the process.

 This white paper will provide you with an understanding of each of the seven
layers, including their functions and their relationships to each other. This will
provide you with an overview of the network process, which can then act as a
framework for understanding the details of computer networking.

 Since the discussion of networking often includes talk of "extra layers", this
paper will address these unofficial layers as well.
 Finally, this paper will draw comparisons between the theoretical OSI model
and the functional TCP/IP model. Although TCP/IP has been used for network
communications before the adoption of the OSI model, it supports the same
functions and features in a differently layered arrangement.
 Define: OSI
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that
standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into
seven abstraction layers. These layers include the physical, data link, network,
transport, session, presentation, and application layers, each responsible for
specific tasks in communication and data exchange between systems.

Why does the OSI model matter?

Although the modern Internet does not strictly follow the OSI Model (it more
closely follows the simpler Internet protocol suite), the OSI Model is still very
useful for troubleshooting network problems. Whether it’s one person who
can’t get their laptop on the Internet, or a website being down for thousands
of users, the OSI Model can help to break down the problem and isolate the
source of the trouble. If the problem can be narrowed down to one specific
layer of the model, a lot of unnecessary work can be avoided.
 The Layers of OSI Model:

The OSI model consists of seven abstraction layers arranged in a top-

down order:

 Physical Layer
 Data Link Layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Session Layer
 Presentation Layer
 Application Layer
Layer 1: The Physical Layer
 The physical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for
activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems. Such
characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum
transmission distances, physical connectors, and other, similar, attributes are defined by physical
layer specifications. If you want to remember Layer 1 in as few words as possible, think of signals
and media.

 Functions of Physical Layer:

1. Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium.

2. It also defines the type of transmission medium.
3. How many pins the network connector has and what each pin is used for Representation of bits.
4. What electrical signals should be used to represent a 1 and a 0.
5. Data rate: How many nanoseconds a bit lasts and bits per second.
6. Synchronization of bits.
7. Sender and Receiver must be synchronized
8. Physical topology
9. Whether transmission may proceed simultaneously in both directions.
10. Simplex, Half duplex, Duplex
Fig1: The Physical Layer
Layer 2: The Data Link Layer
The data link layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical
link. In so doing, the data link layer is concerned with physical (as
opposed to logical) addressing, network topology, network access,
error notification, ordered delivery of frames. If you want to
remember Layer 2 in as few words as possible, think of frames and
media access control.

Functions of Data Link Layer:

1. Framing-

Divides the stream of bits into manageable data units called frames.

2. Physical addressing-

Adds a header to the frame to define the sender and/or receiver of the frame.

3. Flow control-

Imposes a flow control mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver.

Synchronization between fast sender and slow receiver.
 4. Error control-

Adds mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames (CRC).

5. Access control-

Determine which device has control over the link at any given time.

6. Link establishment and termination:

Establishes and terminates the logical link between two nodes.

7. Frame sequencing:

Transmits/receives frames sequentially.

8. Frame acknowledgment:

Provides/expects frame acknowledgments.

Fig2: Data Link
Layer
Layer 3: The Network Layer

The network layer is a complex layer that provides connectivity and path
selection between two host systems that may be located on
geographically separated networks. If you want to remember Layer 3 in as
few words as possible, think of path selection, routing, and addressing.

Functions of Network Layer:

1. Logical addressing
2. Routing
3. Congestion control
4. Accounting and billing
5. Address transformation
6. Source host to destination host error free delivery of packet
Fig3: The Network
Layer
Layer 4: Transport layer
The transport layer segments data from the sending host's
system and reassembles the 6 data into a data stream on the
receiving host's system. 5 Layer 4 is the boundary between
media-layer protocols and host-layer protocols. Layer 4 also
deals 3 with Flow Control (Windowing), and Reliability 2 of
Communication.

Functions of Transport Layer:

1. Service point addressing

2. Segmentation and reassembly
3. Connection control
4. Flow control: Flow control is performed end to end
5. Error control
Fig 4: Transport
layer
Layer 5: Session Layer
As its name implies, the session layer establishes, manages, and
terminates sessions between two communicating hosts. The
session layer provides its services to the presentation layer. It
also synchronizes dialogue between the two hosts' presentation
layers and manages their data exchange. If you want to
remember Layer 5 in as few words as possible, think of dialogues
and conversations.

Functions of Session Layer:

1. Dialog control
2. Synchronization, session and sub session
3. Session closure
Fig 5: Session Layer
 Layer 6: Presentation
Layer
The presentation layer ensures that the information that
the application layer of one system sends out is readable
by the application layer of another system. If necessary,
the presentation layer translates between multiple data
formats by using a common format. If you want to think of
Layer 6 in as few words as possible, think of a common
data format.

Functions of Presentation layer:

1. Translation: presentation layer is responsible for converting various

formats into required format of the recipient.
2. Encryption: Data encryption and decryption is done by presentation
layer for security.
3. Compression and Decompression: data to be transform compressed
while sending and decompress while receiving for reducing time of
transmission.
Fig 6: Presentation
Layer
Layer 7: Application Layer

The application layer is the OSI layer that is closest to the user;
it provides network services to the user's applications. It differs
from the other layers in that it does not provide services to any
other OSI layer, but rather, only to applications outside the OSI
model. Examples of such applications are spreadsheet programs,
word processing programs, and bank terminal programs. If you
want to remember Layer 7 in as few words as possible, think of
browsers.

Functions of Application layer:

1. Network virtual terminal

2. File transfer access and management
3. Mail services and directory services.
Fig 7: Application Layer
Advantages of the OSI Model:

1. It helps you to standardize router, switch, motherboard, and other

hardware

2. Reduces complexity and standardizes interfaces

3. Facilitates modular engineering

4. Helps you to ensure interoperable technology

5. Helps you to accelerate the evolution

6. Protocols can be replaced by new protocols when technology

changes.

7. Provide support for connection-oriented services as well as

connectionless service.

8. It is a standard model in computer networking.

9. Supports connectionless and connection-oriented services.

Disadvantages of the OSI Model:

1. Fitting of protocols is a tedious task.

2. You can only use it as a reference model.

3. Doesn't define any specific protocol.

4. In the OSI network layer model, some services are duplicated

in many layers such as the transport and data link layers.

5. Layers can't work in parallel as each layer need to wait to

obtain data from the previous layer.
 Summary of OSI model
Layer Description

7 Application Support for applications

6 Presentatio Protocol conversion, data translation

n
5 Session Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions

4 Transport Ensures error-free packets

3 Network Provides routing decisions

2 Data Link Provides for the flow of data

1 Physical Signals and media

OSI Model Overview:

• Developed in 1977 by the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Called the OSI model or OSI stack
• Consists of 7 layers
• Useful in troubleshooting networks
• Serves as a reference model in networks
Conclusio
n:

The International Standard Organization

created a model called the open system
interconnection, which allows diverse
system to communicate. The seven layer
OSI model provides guidelines for the
developments universally compatible
networking protocol.