Data

 is a collection of facts and figures which can be

processed to produce information.
Data is a raw and unorganized fact that required
to be processed to make it meaningful.
Data can be simple at the same time unorganized
unless it is organized.
Generally, data comprises facts, observations,
perceptions numbers, characters, symbols, image,
etc.
Information
is a set of data which is processed in a meaningful way
according to the given requirement. It is presented in a
given context to make it meaningful and useful.

Information assigns meaning and improves the

reliability of the data. It helps to ensure undesirability
and reduces uncertainty.

So, when the data is transformed into information, it

never has any useless details.
 KEY
DIFFERENCE
 Data is a raw and unorganized fact that is required to be processed to
make it meaningful whereas Information is a set of data that is processed
in a meaningful way according to the given requirement.

 Data does not have any specific purpose whereas Information carries a
meaning that has been assigned by interpreting data.

 Data alone has no significance while Information is significant by itself.

 Data never depends on Information while Information is dependent on

Data.

 Data can be structured, tabular data, graph, data tree whereas

Database is a collection of information and a means to
manipulate data in a useful way, which must provide
proper storage for large amounts of data, easy and
fast access and facilitate the processing of data.

Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of

software that is used to define, store, manipulate and
control the data in a database. From pre-stage flat-file
system, to relational and object-relational systems,
database technology has gone through several
generations and its 40 years history.
Manual database - a collection of files stored in
filing cabinets.

Computerized (Electronic) database,– a collection

of files in a database management system.

The next slide will shows comparison between the manual (paper-based)
and computerized (Electronic) database,
 Important landmarks from the history:

 1960 – Charles Bachman designed first DBMS system

 1970 – Codd introduced IBM’S Information Management System (IMS)
 1976- Peter Chen coined and defined the Entity-relationship model also
know as the ER model
 1980 – Relational Model becomes a widely accepted database component
 1985- Object-oriented DBMS develops.
 1990s- Incorporation of object-orientation in relational DBMS.
 1991- Microsoft ships MS access, a personal DBMS and that displaces all
other personal DBMS products.
 1995: First Internet database applications
 1997: XML applied to database processing. Many vendors begin to
integrate XML into DBMS products.
 Tedd Cood- Father of Relational Database (RDBMS)
Situations in which a database can be useful

The police have details of all known criminals in a

database, e.g. crimes they've committed.
Schools use a database to store details about their
pupils, e.g. how many days they've been off school sick.
A hospital will store details of all its patients in a
database, e.g. a history of their health issues.
The Government uses a database to store records of
people's income tax payments.
A database is used to keep track of all the drivers in
Mandaluyong who has not paid their driving ticket.
A flat file, also known as a text database, is a type of database that
stores data in a plain text format. ... The information contained in flat
files does not have associated paths or folders. All the records are stored in
one place, and the database can be set up with a number of standard office
applications.
A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data are organized
into a tree-like structure. The data are stored as records which are connected
to one another through links. A record is a collection of fields, with each field
containing only one value.
it is very similar to your folder structure on the laptop. Every folder can
contain sub-folder and each sub-folder can still hold more sub-folders. Finally
in some folders we will store files. However, every child node (sub-folder) will
have a single parent (folder or sub-folder). Finally, we can create a hierarchy of
the dataset :
Network Database
 A network database is a type of database model wherein multiple
member records or files can be linked to multiple owner files and
vice versa. The model can be viewed as an upside-down tree where each
member information is the branch linked to the owner, which is the bottom
of the tree.
 Network database management systems (Network DBMSs) are based on a
network data model that allows each record to have multiple parents and
multiple child records. A network database allows flexible relationship model
between entities.
 The network model was developed and presented by Charles Bachman in
1969. The network model often used to build computer network systems and
is an enhancement to the hierarchical database model.
 Some of the popular network databases are,
 Integrated Data Store (IDS)
 IDMS (Integrated Database Management System)
 Raima Database Manager
 TurboIMAGE
 Univac DMS-1100
 Relational database
 it is a digital database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by
E. F. Codd in 1970. A system used to maintain relational databases is a
relational database management system. Many relational database systems
have an option of using the SQL for querying and maintaining the database.

As you see from the above diagram, there are multiple keys which can help us
merge different data sets in this data base. This kind of data storage
optimizes disc space occupied without compromising on data details.
Object-Oriented Database (OOD)
 An object-oriented database (OOD) is a database system that can
work with complex data objects — that is, objects that mirror those
used in object-oriented programming languages. In object-oriented
programming, everything is an object, and many objects are quite
complex, having different properties and methods.
cloud database is a database service built and accessed through a
cloud platform. It serves many of the same functions as a traditional
database with the added flexibility of cloud computing. Users install
software on a cloud infrastructure to implement the database.

 Top 7 Cloud Databases for 2020

• 1 - Amazon Web Service (AWS) Amazon has become the market leader in the DBaaS space. ...
• 2 - Oracle Database. ...
• 3 - Microsoft Azure. ...
• 4 - Google Cloud Platform. ...
• 5 - IBM DB2. ...
• 6 - MongoDB Atlas. ...
• 7 - OpenStack.

There are three relational database options in Google Cloud: Cloud SQL, Cloud Spanner, and Bare Metal Solution. Cloud

SQL: Provides managed MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQL Server databases on Google Cloud .
XML stands for extensible markup language.
A markup language is a set of codes, or tags, that describes the text in a
digital document.
The most famous markup language is hypertext markup language (HTML),
which is used to format Web pages.
 DBMS-Database Management
System
ADBMS is a complex computer
program that acts as a data librarian,
supervising the transfer of data between
the end user and the database, allowing
users to create, read, update, and
delete data in the database.
Presently, the three leading database companies in the western world are
Microsoft, IBM, and Oracle.
Popular DBMS Software

 Here, is the list of some popular DBMS system:

 MySQL
 Microsoft Access
 Oracle
 PostgreSQL
 dBASE
 FoxPro
 SQLite
 IBM DB2
 LibreOffice Base
 MariaDB
 Microsoft SQL Server etc.
 Usage of databases:
A large number of our daily activities depend on databases. From
watching our favorite movies online to posting pictures on social media,
we end up accessing a variety of databases through these activities, some
of which are listed below:
1. Online television streaming

2. Social Gaming
3. Personal cloud storage
4. Sports
5. Finances
6. Government Organizations
7. Social Media
8. E-commerce
9. Healthcare
10. Weather
 Databases have become an integral part of everyday life. When we use ATMs to withdraw money
or check our account balance, log in to social networking sites or engage in any digital interaction,
we access a database. Even the most successful search engine, Google, is but a database that
uses its self-developed database system ‘Bigtable.’
 Advantages of DBMS

 Redundancy problem can be solved.

In the File System, duplicate data is created in many places because all the programs have their own files
which create data redundancy resulting in wastage of memory. In DBMS, all the files are integrated in a
single database. So there is no chance of duplicate data.
For example: A student record in a library or examination can contain duplicate values, but when they are
converted into a single database, all the duplicate values are removed.
 Has a very high security level.
Data security level is high by protecting your precious data from unauthorized access. Only authorized
users should have the grant to access the database with the help of credentials.
 Presence of Data integrity.
Data integrity makes unification of so many files into a single file. DBMS allows data integrity which
makes it easy to decrease data duplicity Data integration and reduces redundancy as well as data
inconsistency.
 Support multiple users.
DBMS allows multiple users to access the same database at a time without any conflicts.
 Avoidance of inconsistency.
DBMS controls data redundancy and also controls data consistency. Data consistency is nothing but if
you want to update data in any files then all the files should not be updated again.
In DBMS, data is stored in a single database so data becomes more consistent in comparison to file
processing systems.
Advantages of DBMS

 Shared data
Data can be shared between authorized users of the database in DBMS. All the users have
their own right to access the database. Admin has complete access to the database. He has a
right to assign users to access the database.
 Enforcement of standards
As DBMS have central control of the database. So, a DBA can ensure that all the applications
follow some standards such as format of data, document standards etc. These standards help
in data migrations or in interchanging the data.
 Any unauthorized access is restricted
Unauthorized persons are not allowed to access the database because of security credentials.
 Provide backup of data
Data loss is a big problem for all the organizations. In the file system users have to back up the
files in regular intervals which lead to waste of time and resources.
DBMS solves this problem of taking backup automatically and recovery of the database.
 Tunability
Tuning means adjusting something to get a better performance. Same in the case of DBMS, as
it provides tunability to improve performance. DBA adjusts databases to get effective results.
Disadvantages of DBMS

 Complexity
The provision of the functionality that is expected of a good DBMS makes the DBMS an
extremely complex piece of software. Database designers, developers, database
administrators and end-users must understand this functionality to take full advantage
of it.
Failure to understand the system can lead to bad design decisions, which leads to a
serious consequence for an organization.
 Size
The functionality of DBMS makes use of a large piece of software which occupies
megabytes of disk space.
 Performance
Performance may not run as fast as desired.
 Higher impact of a failure
The centralization of resources increases the vulnerability of the system because all
users and applications rely on the availability of DBMS, the failure of any component
can bring operation to halt.
 Cost of DBMS
The cost of DBMS varies significantly depending on the environment and functionality
provided. There is also the recurrent annual maintenance cost.
Sector Use of DBMS

For customer information, account activities, payments, deposits,

Banking loans, etc.

Airlines For reservations and schedule information.

Universities For student information, course registrations, colleges and grades.

It helps to keep call records, monthly bills, maintaining balances,

Telecommunication etc.

For storing information about stock, sales, and purchases of

Finance financial instruments like stocks and bonds.

Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales information.

It is used for the management of supply chain and for tracking

Manufacturing production of items. Inventories status in warehouses.

For information about employees, salaries, payroll, deduction,

HR Management generation of paychecks, etc.
Characteristics of DBMS
 Provides security and removes redundancy
 Self-describing nature of a database system
 Insulation between programs and data abstraction
 Support of multiple views of the data
 Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
 Database Management Software allows entities and relations among
them to form tables.
 It follows the ACID concept ( Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and
Durability).
 DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users to access and manipulate
data in parallel.
ACID is an acronym that helps to remember the fundamental
principles of a transnational system. ACID stands
for Atomic, Consistent, Isolation, and Durability.
What’s an Example of ACID Properties?
 For our example consider a banking transaction that where you’re withdrawing money from
checking to deposit in your saving account. Several operations are recorded:
• Withdrawal of money from checking
• Deposit of funds to savings
• Transaction audit trail.
 How would ACID help in this situation? Let’s run through the four properties one-by-one to
understand to see where they help the bank keep accurate records:
• We want an Atomic Transaction. The who process to move money from checking to savings
cannot complete, unless all three operations successfully complete. A failure on anyone, cancels
the entire operation.
• We aim to maintain Consistency, by ensuring both the transfer and audit trail complete.
• By utilizing Isolation, we ensure other banking transaction can not update our accounts, until the
operation completes.
• Keeping the operation Durable ensures the DBMS wont “loose” committed or save transactions.
For example, if the server suffers a power loss, committed data won’t go lost.
 Database Users
 Application Programmers

Application programmers work on the database with the help of DML queries. The DML
queries can be written in any e application program just like pascal c c + + and java etc.
The DML queries are then converted into the low-level code to communicate with the
database. For example, if we write a program to get the salary report of all the
employees of a department then we need to query to find the data from the database.

 Sophisticated Users

The sophisticated users are responsible to enter the SQL queries just like insert select
delete and update into the database. The sophisticated users do not require any kind of
application program to query with the database.
 Sophisticated users can directly communicate with the database by giving the SQL
queries.
 Specialized users are also called sophisticated users but they are
responsible for writing the special database application programs.
The specialized users are responsible to develop the programs
according to the given requirements.
 Stand Alone Users

Standalone users use the ready-made databases and graphical

interfaces with menus icons and buttons.
 Native users

When we develop software with a good database then the native

users are the actual users who work on the given database with the
help of graphical user interfaces. For example the user of the
librarian login into the library system software and then issues the
books to the students with the help of the graphical user interface
provided to the librarian.
The interesting thing is that the librarian doesn’t know about the
database is and what are database is but the librarian can do a good
Database administrator
 The database administrator is responsible for establishing a good
database environment and he is a person who is responsible for all the
databases, installation of the database is the technical issue behind the
databases and many other similar things that are involved in managing
the database.
 The database administrators are responsible for maintaining the data
integrity data security data reliability, ensuring the
normalization, avoiding data redundancy and data inconsistency, and
many other similar things. Good database administrators must have a
knowledge of oracle based software, SAP, SQL, etc.
IBM- INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
 When not to use a DBMS system?
 Although, DBMS system is useful. It is still not suited for specific task
mentioned below:
 Not recommended when you do not have the budget or the expertise
to operate a DBMS. In such cases, Excel/CSV/Flat Files could do just
fine.
Summary
 DBMS definition: A database is a collection of related data which
represents some aspect of the real world
 DBMS stands for Database Management System , a software for storing
and retrieving users’ data by considering appropriate security measures.
 DBMS Provides security and removes redundancy
 DBMS has many advantages over tradition Flat File management system
 Some Characteristics of DBMS are Security, Self-describing nature,
Insulation between programs and data abstraction, Support of multiple
views of the data, etc.
 End-Users, Application Programmers, and Database Administrators are
the type of users who access a DBMS
 DBMS is widely used in Banking, Airlines, Telecommunication, Finance
and other industries
 The main Four DBMS types are 1) Hierarchical 2) Network 3) Relational
4) Object-Oriented DBMS
 DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple
applications using the same data
 Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases
the budget of your organization
Introduction

 Microsoft Access is a database creation and management

program. To understand Access, you must first understand
databases.

 In this lesson, you will learn about databases and how they are used.
You will familiarize yourself with the differences between data
management in Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel. Finally, you
will get a look ahead at the rest of the Access tutorial.
Video Presentation about the History of
DBMS
Short Quiz next week;
Study your assignment and the History of DBMS;
Link for reference: https://www.quickbase.com/articles/timeline-of-database-history