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CH 4

This document provides an overview of differential analysis in fluid mechanics, focusing on the derivation and application of the conservation of mass and momentum equations. It discusses the importance of boundary conditions, the concept of streamlines and stream functions, and introduces the Navier-Stokes equation as a cornerstone of fluid mechanics. The document also outlines methods for solving fluid flow problems and the significance of boundary conditions in these analyses.

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Adem Abdela
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9 views28 pages

CH 4

This document provides an overview of differential analysis in fluid mechanics, focusing on the derivation and application of the conservation of mass and momentum equations. It discusses the importance of boundary conditions, the concept of streamlines and stream functions, and introduces the Navier-Stokes equation as a cornerstone of fluid mechanics. The document also outlines methods for solving fluid flow problems and the significance of boundary conditions in these analyses.

Uploaded by

Adem Abdela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 4
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
OF FLUID FLOW
Objectives
• Understand how the differential equation of
conservation of mass and the differential linear
momentum equation are derived and applied
• Calculate the stream function and pressure field,
and plot streamlines for a known velocity field
• Obtain analytical solutions of the equations of
motion for simple flow fields

2
9–1 ■ INTRODUCTION
The control volume technique is useful when
we are interested in the overall features of a
flow, such as mass flow rate into and out of the
control volume or net forces applied to bodies.
Differential analysis, on the other hand,
involves application of differential equations of
fluid motion to any and every point in the flow
field over a region called the flow domain.
Boundary conditions for the variables must
be specified at all boundaries of the flow
domain, including inlets, outlets, and walls.
If the flow is unsteady, we must march our
solution along in time as the flow field changes.

(a) In control volume analysis, the interior of


the control volume is treated like a black box,
but (b) in differential analysis, all the details of
the flow are solved at every point 3
within the flow domain.
9–2 ■ CONSERVATION OF MASS—THE
CONTINUITY EQUATION

The net rate of change of mass within the


control volume is equal to the rate at
which mass flows into the control volume
minus the rate at which mass flows out of
the control volume.

To derive a differential
conservation equation, we
imagine shrinking a control
4
volume to infinitesimal size.
Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem
The quickest and most straightforward way to derive the differential form of
conservation of mass is to apply the divergence theorem (Gauss’s theorem).

This equation is the compressible form of the continuity


equation since we have not assumed incompressible
flow. It is valid at any point in the flow domain.

The divergence operation


in Cartesian and 5
cylindrical coordinates.
Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

Velocity components and unit vectors in cylindrical coordinates: (a) two-


dimensional flow in the xy- or r-plane, (b) three-dimensional flow. 6
Special Cases of the Continuity Equation
Special Case 1: Steady Compressible Flow

Special Case 2: Incompressible Flow

7
8
9–3 ■ THE STREAM FUNCTION
Streamlines: are the Geometrical representation of the of the flow velocity
description:
In the Eulerian method, the velocity vector is defined as a function of
time and space coordinates.
If for a fixed instant of time, a space curve is drawn so that it is
tangent everywhere to the velocity vector, then this curve is called a
Streamline.
Alternative Definition: A streamline at any instant can be defined as
an imaginary curve or line in the flow field so that the tangent to the
curve at any point represents the direction of the instantaneous
velocity at that point.

Stream tube: A bundle of neighboring streamlines may be imagined to


form a passage through which the fluid flows. This passage is known as
a stream-tube.
a boundary surface across which fluid cannot penetrate.
Path Lines: is the trajectory of a fluid particle of fixed identity
is the locus of a fluid particle as it moves along. In others word, it is a
curve traced by a single fluid particle during its motion. 9
Streamline

Streamtube
10
The Stream Function in Cartesian Coordinates

The most common application is


incompressible flow in the xy plane:

11
Curves of constant
stream function
represent streamlines
of the flow.

 = constant along a
streamline (d = 0) 12
13
Streamlines for the velocity
field of Example 9–8; the
value of constant  is
indicated for each streamline,
and velocity vectors are
14
shown at four locations.
9–4 ■ THE DIFFERENTIAL LINEAR MOMENTUM
EQUATION—CAUCHY’S EQUATION

Cauchy’s equation is a differential form of the linear


momentum equation. It applies to any type of fluid.

15
9–5 ■ THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION
Introduction

ij, called the


viscous stress
tensor or the
deviatoric stress
tensor

For fluids at rest, the only


stress on a fluid element is
the hydrostatic pressure,
which always acts inward
16
and normal to any surface.
Newtonian versus Non-Newtonian Fluids
Rheology: The study of the
deformation of flowing fluids.
Newtonian fluids: Fluids for which the
shear stress is linearly proportional to
the shear strain rate.
Newtonian fluids: Fluids for which the
shear stress is not linearly related to the
shear strain rate.
Viscoelastic: A fluid that returns (either
fully or partially) to its original shape
after the applied stress is released.
Rheological behavior of fluids—shear Some non-Newtonian fluids are called
stress as a function of shear strain rate. shear thinning fluids or
pseudoplastic fluids, because the
In some fluids a finite stress called the more the fluid is sheared, the less
yield stress is required before the viscous it becomes.
fluid begins to flow at all; such fluids Plastic fluids are those in which the
are called Bingham plastic fluids. shear thinning effect is extreme.
17
Derivation of the Navier–Stokes Equation for
Incompressible, Isothermal Flow

The incompressible flow


approximation implies constant
density, and the isothermal
approximation implies constant
viscosity.

18
The Laplacian operator, shown here in both
Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates,
appears in the viscous term of the
incompressible Navier–Stokes equation.

19
The Navier–Stokes equation is an
unsteady, nonlinear, secondorder, partial
differential equation.
Equation 9–60 has four unknowns (three
velocity components and pressure), yet it
represents only three equations (three
components since it is a vector equation).
Obviously we need another equation to
make the problem solvable. The fourth
The Navier–Stokes equation is the equation is the incompressible continuity
cornerstone of fluid mechanics. equation (Eq. 9–16). 20
Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations
in Cartesian Coordinates

21
9–6 ■ DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
OF FLUID FLOW PROBLEMS
There are two types of problems for which the differential equations (continuity
and Navier–Stokes) are useful:
• Calculating the pressure field for a known velocity field
• Calculating both the velocity and pressure fields for a flow of known geometry
and known boundary conditions

A general three-dimensional
but incompressible flow field
with constant properties
requires four equations to
solve for four unknowns. 22
23
24
For a two-dimensional flow
field in the xy-plane, cross-
differentiation reveals
whether pressure P is a
smooth function. 25
26
Exact Solutions of the Continuity Boundary Conditions
and Navier–Stokes Equations

A piston moving at speed VP in a cylinder.


A thin film of oil is sheared between the
piston and the cylinder; a magnified view of
the oil film is shown. The no-slip boundary
condition requires that the velocity of fluid
Procedure for solving the
adjacent to a wall equal that of the wall.
incompressible continuity and
Navier–Stokes equations. 27
At an interface between two
fluids, the velocity of the two
fluids must be equal. In addition,
the shear stress parallel to the
interface must be the same in
both fluids.

Along a horizontal free surface of


water and air, the water and air
velocities must be equal and the
shear stresses must match.
However, since air << water, a good
approximation is that the shear
stress at the water surface is
negligibly small.

At inlet or outlet section of the flow: V, p, T are known 28

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