Federal University of Technology Minna

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2018/2019 ACADEMIC YEAR
FIRST SEMESTER

COURSE TITLE : ELECTRICAL MACHINES II

COURSE CODE : EEE 413 ( 2 UNITS)
LECTURER NAME : ENGR .DR. TSADO JACOB &
: DR. ‘AYO IMORU
 Reference Materials
• 1. Gupta J B.” Theory & Performance of Electrical Machines”,
S. K. Kataria & Sons, New Delhi, 2010
• 2. Bimbhra P.S., “Generalized Circuit Theory of Electrical
Machines”, Khanna Publishers Limited, 5th Edition, 4th
Reprint, New Delhi, 2000.
• 3. John Salmon “Applications of General Theories to
Electrical Machines Contributions to their Design and
Performance”, Troubador Publishing Ltd, Leicester, 2008.
• 4. .Bandyopadhyay M. N., “Electrical Machines: Theory and
Practice” PHI Learning, New Delhi,2009
• 5. Smarajit Ghosh, “Electrical Machines” 2007
 Code of Conduct
• Attendance
• Sign register each week.
• Minimum attendance of 75% is mandatory.
• Classroom behaviour:
• Arrive on time for lectures and be prepared (self
study).
• Usage of cell phones in the class is prohibited
• Responsibility of students
• Success of learning in the course. Write all tests
and hand in assignments/practical work as at
when due.
 Course Objective

• To Impact Knowledge on :
• The key principle in Analysis of Electrical Machines
• The Generalized Representation and steady state
analysis of Electrical Machines
• Generator and motor operation in steady state and
transient conditions
• The generalized representation of special machines
 Course Outcome
At the end of the course , the students should be able to
describe

• The Generalized Representation of machines

and their analysis
• The steady state analysis and transient analysis
of various machines
• The performance of special machines and their
representation
• The construction and maintenance of electrical
machines
 COURSE OUTLINE
• Review of Electromechanical energy
conversion.
• Generalized machines theory including
primitive machines, dynamics circuit
equations and various modes of transformer;
single and multiple excited systems
(energising)
• Synchronous Or Induction machines
• Three winding transformer
• Element of machine design.
 Electrical Engineering Department

• Magnetic field is a region in space where magnetic influence can be detected.

• The directions of a magnetic flux line is considered to be the direction in which the
northpole of a magnet would move if it were placed in a magnetic field.

Magnetic flux lines

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Properties of magnetic flux lines

• Every magnetic flux lines form a complete closed circuit

• The direction of magnetic flux lines is from north pole to south pole
• Magnetic circuit never cuts one another
• Magnetic circuit tends to be as short as possible
• Magnetic lines parallel to one another and in same direction repel each other
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Flux density

• The number of flux lines that pass through a plane with unit area can be
considered as flux density of the magnetic field.

• Let the total flux passing through an area A m2 be Ø Weber.

• The flux density at this point is given by

Tesla is defined as Weber/meter2

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Magnetic field due to electric current

• When a conductor carries an electric current, a magnetic field is produced around
the conductor.
• The magnetic field is in the form of concentric circles around the conductor.

Current flowing Current flowing

out of the page into the page
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Magnetic field of a solenoid

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Questions
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Magnitude of the force on a conductors carrying

current in a magnetic field

F
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F
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Exercise
• The force in a conductor in a magnetic field is 4N, determine the

length of the conductor if it carries a current of 2 A in a magnetic field

with a flux density of 50 mT

• Ans: 40 m

• A conductor 350 mm long carries a current of 10A and is at right-

angles to a magnetic field lying between two circular pole faces each

of radius 60 mm. If the total flux between the pole faces is 0.5 mWb,

calculate the magnitude of the force exerted on the conductor.

Applications of magnets
• Motors and Generators;
• Telephones;
• Relays;
• Loudspeakers;
• Computer hard drives and floppy disks;
• Anti-lock brakes;
• Cameras;
• Fishing reels;
• Electronic ignition systems;
• Keyboards;
• T.V. and radio components;
• Transmission equipment;
• Door bells
Electromagnetic induction

• Electromagnetic induction is the generation of voltage across the ends of a

conductor of a coil when the magnetic field moves or changes relative to the coil.
 Electromagnetic induction
• Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction:
• An induced e.m.f. is set up whenever the magnetic field linking that
circuit changes.
OR
• The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in any circuit is proportional to the
rate of change of the magnetic flux linking the circuit.
Electromagnetic induction
• Lenz’s law:
• The direction of an induced e.m.f. is always such that it tends to
set up a current opposing the motion or the change of flux
responsible for inducing that e.m.f.
Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction
Inductance:

•Is the name given to the property of a circuit whereby there is an e.m.f. induced into

the circuit by the change of flux linkages produced by a current change.

•OR

•Is a measure of the ability of a coil to oppose any change in current through the coil

and to store energy in the form of a magnetic field in the region surrounding the coil.
Magnetic circuit
• Magnetic circuit may be defined as the path which magnetic flux flows.
• The laws of magnetic circuit are similar to (but not the same as) those of the
electric circuit
• Whenever a magnetic flux 𝛟 exist in a body or component, it is due to the
presence of a magnetic field intensity H, given by

where
H = magnetic field intensity [A/m],
mmf = magnetomotive force acting on the component,
l = length of the component (m).
Magnetic circuit
Magnetic circuit
Definitions
• Magnetomotive force: It drives flux through a magnetic circuit. It is the work done
in joules in carrying a unit magnetic pole once through the entire magnetic circuit. It
is measured in ampere − turns
• Reluctance: It is a measure of opposition offered to the passage of magnetic flux
through a material. Its unit is AT/Wb. It is analogous to resistance in an electric
circuit.
• Permeance: It is reciprocal of relucatnce and it is the ease with which magnetic
flux is developed. Its unit is Wb/AT. It is analogous to conductance in electric
circuit.
• Reluctivity: It is specific reluctance and analogous to resistivity which is specific
resistivity
Magnetic circuit
Relations between Reluctance, Magnetic flux and MMF
Magnetic circuit calculation

• Ampere’s circuital law:

• Ampere’s circuital law states that the algebraic sum of the rises

and drops of the mmf around a closed loop of a magnetic circuit

is equal to zero.

• OR A law establishing the fact that the algebraic sum of the rises

and drops of the mmf around a closed loop of a magnetic circuit

is equal to zero.
Magnetic circuit calculation

• Magnetic fringing: Magnetic fringing is the tendency of magnetic

fields to bulge outward somewhat in an around the air-gap.

Inductance of a winding

winding inductance

Factors influencing the inductance of a coils

•Number of turns of winding
•Area of the core
•Material of the core
•length of the magnetic flux
Magnetic circuit calculation

Question
•Determine the reluctance of a circuit where the magnetic field strength causes a
relative permeability of 1700. The length of the magnetic lines of flux is 250 mm and
the diameter of the iron ring that forms the circuit is 20 mm
•Solution:
Magnetic circuit calculation
Question
•A typical magnetic circuit shown below has a cross sectional area of the core Ac
equal to that of the air gap Ag as 15 cm2, the air gap length lg is 0.1 cm and the length
of the core material lc is 50 cm. The circuit consist of a coil with 650 turns. Take the
flux density of the core Bc = 1.25T and relative permeability µr = 4000. Calculate
a. Core reluctance
b. Air gap reluctance
c. The flux produced
d. The current
e. The winding inductance
Magnetic circuit calculation
• Solution The circuit has two reluctance path.

a. The core reluctance

b. Air gap reluctance

c. Flux produced

d. Current
Magnetic circuit calculation

e. Winding inductance
What is Electrical Relays?
•Electrical relays basically are electromagnets which can be operated with relatively low
currents to move an iron strip, so that heavier currents can be switched through it.
Applications of relays:
• Telephone exchanges
• Digital computers
• Automation systems
• Circuit breakers
• Refrigerators
• Washing machines and dishwashers.
• Heating
• Air-conditioning controls.
What is a contactor?
•A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit,
similar to a relay except with higher current ratings.
•A contactor is basically an electronically controlled switch, designed to carry a large
amount of power.
Applications of contactors:
•Control Electric motors
•Lighting
•Heating
•Capacitor banks
•Other electrical loads.
 Question

Figure shows a current carrying conductor placed between two magnets, sketch the
resultant magnetic field and indicate the direction of the forces on the conductor

Answer
 Question
• A current of 3 A flowing through a coil of 400 turns produces a flux of 300μWb. If
the current is reversed (flux reversed also) in 0.01 seconds, calculate the
average value of the induced e.m.f on the coil and the inductance of the coil.
 Question

• A core with three legs is shown in Figure Q3.2. Its depth is 5 cm, and there are
200 turns on the leftmost leg A and current through the coil is 3 A. The relative
permeability of the core can be assumed to be 1500 and constant. Assume 8%
increase in the effective area of the air gap due to fringing effects, determine the
following:
a. The total reluctance
b. Flux in each of the three legs of the core
c. The flux density in each of the legs
d. The flux density around the air- gap
Answer
Answer
Answer
 Question

A certain magnetic circuit has three parts, A, B and C all connected in series with one
another. The specifications for the magnetic circuit are given in Table , below.
If a current in a coil of 400 turns in part A produces a flux of 0.5mWb in the magnetic
circuit, calculate
a. The magneto-motive force required to produce the magnetic flux
b. The current flowing in the coil
c. The winding inductance
Part A Part B Part C
Length 200 mm 300 mm 150 mm
Cross-sectional area 250 mm2 500 mm2 1 000 mm2

Relative permeability 400 600 600

Answer
 Question

The magnetic circuit shown in figure is build of iron

of square cross-section area of 3 cm wide. Each
air gap is 2mm wide. Each coil is wound with 1000
turns and exciting current is 1 A. The relative
permeability of part A and part B may be taken as
1000 and 1200 respectively. Find
a. Reluctance of part A
b. Reluctance of part B
c. Reluctance of the two air gaps
d. Total reluctance and total MMF
Question
 Electrical Engineering Department

Magnetic behaviour of ferromagnetic material

• To illustrate the behavior of magnetic permeability in a ferromagnetic material,
apply a direct current to the core shown in Figure
• starting with 0 A and slowly working up to the maximum permissible current.
• When the flux produced in the core is plotted versus the magnetomotive force
producing it, the resulting plot looks like figure
• This type of plot is called a saturation curve or a magnetization curve.
 Electrical Engineering Department

• At first , a small increase in the magnetomotive force produces a huge

increase in the resulting flux.

• After a certain point, though, further increases in the magnetomotive force

produce relatively smaller increases in the flux.

• Finally, an increase in the magnetomotive force produces almost no change at

all.
 Electrical Engineering Department

• The region of this figure in which the curve flattens out is called the

saturation region, and the core is said to be saturated.

• In contrast, the region where the flux changes very rapidly is called the

unsaturated region of the curve, and the core is said to be unsaturated.

• The transition region between the unsaturated region and the saturated region

is sometimes called the knee of the curve.

 Electrical Engineering Department

• Instead of applying a direct current to the windings on the core, let us

now apply an alternating current and observe what happens.

• As the current increases for the first time,

the flux in the core traces out path ab
• when the current falls again, thef1ux traces
out a different path from the one it followed
when the current increased
• As the current decreases, the flux in the
core traces out path bcd, and later when
the current increases again, the flux traces
out path deb.
 Electrical Engineering Department

• Notice that the amount of flux present in the core depends not only on the amount

of current applied to the windings of the core, but also on the previous history of the

flux in the core.

• This dependence on the preceding

flux history and the resulting failure to

retrace flux paths is called hysteresis.

• Path bcdeb traced out in Figure as

the applied current changes is called

a hysteresis loop.
 Electrical Engineering Department

• Notice that if a large magnetomolive force is first applied to the core and then
removed, the flux path in the core will be abc,
• When the magnetomotive force is removed, the flux in the core does not go to
zero. Instead, a magnetic field is left in the core.

• This magnetic field is called the residual

flux in the core.
• To force the flux to zero, an amount of
magnetomotive force known as the
coercive magnetomotive force must be
applied to the core in the opposite direction.