CONTENT

• DEFINITION
• IMPOTANT CONCEPT RELATED TO RESEARCH DESIGN
• DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGN
• NEED
• FEATURE
• CONCLUSION
Definition and Importance of Research Desig
Definition Importance

A research design is the arrangement of • Research design helps researchers focus on

condition for collection and analysis of data in a the right methods for the subject matter
manner that aims to combine relevance to the • Research design helps researchers ensure
research research purpose with economy in
that the research problem is thoroughly
procedure.
investigated
As such the design includes an outline of what the researcher will do from writing the hypothesis and
its operational implications to the final analysis of data. More explicitly, the design decisions happen to
be in respect of:
analysis of data. More explicitly, the design
decisions happen to be in respect of:
(vi) What periods of time will the study include?
(1) What is the study about?
(vii) What will be the sample design?
(ii) Why is the study being made?
(viii) What techniques of data collection will be used?
(ii) Where will the study be carried out?
(ix) How will the data be analysed?
(iv) What type of data is required?
(x) In what style will the report be prepared?
(v) Where can the required data be found?

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Important concept relating to research design
1. Dependent and Independent
2. Extraneous Variables: 3. Experimental Error and Control:
Variables:
• Variable: A concept that can take
different values (e.g., weight, • Variables not related to the study • Experimental Error: Unwanted
• height).
Dependent Variable: The but still affecting the dependent effects from extraneous
outcome affected by another variable are termed extraneous • variables.
Control: Designing the study to
variable (e.g., height depends on variables (e.g., intelligence avoid or reduce these unwanted
• age).
Independent Variable: The factor affecting social studies effects
that influences or causes achievement in a study on self-

changes in the dependent concept).

variable (e.g., age and sex affect

height).

3. Research design in ca
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4. Confounded Relationship: 5. Research Hypothesis: 6. Experimental vs. Non-
Experimental Research:
• A relationship is confounded • A research hypothesis is a
when other factors statement predicting how • Experimental Research: The
influence the result, making one thing (independent researcher changes
it unclear whether the variable) will affect another something to see the effect
independent variable (dependent variable). (e.g., testing if intelligence
caused the change. affects reading ability).
• Non-Experimental Research:
The researcher does not
change anything but
observes the effect.

3. Research design in ca
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7. Experimental and 8. Treatments: 9. Experiment: 10. Experimental Units:
Control Groups:
• Definition: An experiment Definition: Experimental units
• In research, a control is a method used to test are the specific locations or
• Treatments refer to the
group is exposed to usual the truth of a hypothesis subjects where treatments are
different conditions applied
conditions, while an related to a research applied in an experiment.
to experimental and
experimental group is • problem.
Types: Absolute
control groups. Example: In agricultural
exposed to new or special experiment tests one
• Example: In an research, experimental units
• conditions.
Example: Group A follows condition, while
experiment, one treatment are the individual plots of land
the usual study plan comparative experiment
could be the usual study where different fertilizers are
(control group), and Group compares two or more
plan and another could be tested
B follows a new study plan • conditions.
Example: Testing a new
a special study plan for the
(experimental group) drug is an absolute
experimental group.
experiment, while
comparing two drugs is a
comparative experiment.

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Different research design
Research design in case of exploratory research studies

Exploratory research designs aim to formulate research problems or develop hypotheses for further
investigation. Key methods include:

1. Literature Survey: Reviewing existing studies to refine the problem or generate new hypotheses.
2. Experience Survey: Gathering insights from individuals with practical experience related to the
problem. Flexible interviews help uncover new ideas.
3. Insight-Stimulating Examples: Intensive study of specific instances of the phenomenon, using
records or unstructured interviews to draw meaningful insights.

The design should be flexible, allowing adjustments as the problem is refined, and the researcher
discovers new insights for hypothesis development.

3. Research design in ca
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 Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic research studies

Descriptive and diagnostic research studies aim to describe characteristics or determine associations.
Descriptive studies focus on detailing facts about individuals, groups, or situations, while diagnostic
studies explore the frequency or association of variables. Both types share common research design
requirements, including:
1. Defining objectives: Clear study goals.
2. Data collection methods: Choosing appropriate techniques (e.g., observation, surveys).
3. Sample selection: Determining the necessary material for analysis.
4. Data collection: Identifying sources and time frames.
5. Data processing and analysis: Organizing and analyzing data, ensuring accuracy.
6. Reporting findings: Presenting results efficiently.

The research design must minimize bias, maximize reliability, and be well-structured for data
collection and analysis, often using survey techniques.

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 Research design in case of hypothesis-testing research studies:

Hypothesis-testing research studies, also known as experimental studies, focus on testing causal
relationships between variables. These studies require careful design to minimize bias, increase
reliability, and enable valid conclusions about causality. Experimental designs, originating from
agricultural research by Professor R.A. Fisher at Rothamsted Experimental Station, are crucial in such
studies. Fisher's approach involved dividing fields into blocks and conducting experiments within each,
ensuring more reliable results. Experimental designs have since been applied to various disciplines,
using agricultural terms like treatment, yield, plot, and block in technical contexts. These designs are
essential for hypothesis testing and scientific investigations

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Need
Ensures Efficiency:

• Facilitates smooth execution of research operations.

• Maximizes Information output with minimal effort, time, and cost.

Provides a Blueprint:

• Just like a house needs a blueprint, research requires a well-prepared plan.

• Ensures systematic data collection and analysis.

Advance Planning:

• Determines methods for data collection and analysis.

• Considers objectives, available resources (staff," time, budget)

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Features of Research Design
Research questions: Clearly state the research questions and objectives
Research methodology: Determine the overall approach and strategy for answering the research questions
Sampling: Decide on the sample size and sampling method
Data collection: Choose the methods for collecting data, such as surveys or interviews
Data analysis: Decide on the methods for analyzing the data
Reliability: Ensure that the research is consistent and reproducible, with few errors
Validity: Ensure that the research is accurate and produces valid answers
Generalizability: Consider how the research outcomes can be applied to a larger population
Flexibility: Consider how to adapt to unexpected data or outcomes
Objectivity: Ensure that the research is unbiased and not influenced by personal feelings or opinionsa

3. Research design in ca
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Conclusion and Key Takeaways
A strong research design is crucial for conducting valid and reliable research. By carefully considering
the factors involved, following the steps outlined, and addressing potential challenges, researchers can
develop effective designs that contribute meaningfully to the advancement of knowledge.

3. Research design in ca
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THANK YOU

3. Research design in ca
hypothesis-testing rese