NUMBER

NUMBER SYSTEM
SYSTEM
The mysterious world of
numbers…
 Contents
 Acknowledgment  Decimal Expansion Of
 Introduction Number System
 Scientists related to
 Brief Introduction about
numbers Number System
 What is a number line?
 History of Number System
 What is the difference
 Number System according
to different civilizations between numeral and
number?
 Types of Numbers
 Word Alternatives
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Teema madam for giving us
an opportunity to express ourselves via
mathematical projects. We are also thankful to
Bharti madam, our computer teacher for letting us
use the school computers for presentation and
providing us with an e-mail ID. Also, we thank our
friends for their ideas and co-operation they
provided to us. We are grateful to all of them.
 Introduction
A number system defines a set of values used
to represent a quantity. We talk about the
number of people attending school, number of
modules taken per student etc.
Quantifying items and values in relation to
each other is helpful for us to make sense of
our environment.
The study of numbers is not only related to
computers. We apply numbers everyday, and
knowing how numbers work, will give us an
insight of how computers manipulate and
store numbers.
 Brief Introduction
About Numbers
A number is a mathematical object used in
counting and measuring. It is used in
counting and measuring. Numerals are
often used for labels, for ordering serial
numbers, and for codes like ISBNs. In
mathematics, the definition of number has
been extended over the years to include
such numbers as zero, negative numbers,
rational numbers, irrational numbers, and
complex numbers.
 Brief Introduction
About Numbers
Numbers were probably first used many
thousands of years ago in commerce, and
initially only whole numbers and perhaps
rational numbers were needed. But already in
Babylonian times, practical problems of
geometry began to require square roots.
Certain procedures which take one or more
numbers as input and produce a number as
output are called numerical operation.
The History Of Number
System
The number system with which we
are most familiar is the decimal
(base-10) system , but over time
our ancestor have experimented
with a wide range of alternatives,
including duo-decimal (base-12),
vigesimal (base-20), and
sexagesimal (base-60)…
 The Ancient Egyptians
The Ancient Egyptians experimented with duo-
decimal (base-12) system in which they counted
finger-joints instead of finger . Each of our finger
has three joints. In addition to their base-twelve
system, the Egyptians also experimented with a
sort –of-base-ten system. In this system , the
number 1 through 9 were drawn using the
appropriate number of vertical lines.

A human hand palm was the way

of counting used by the
Egyptians…
 The Ancient Babylonians
Babylonians, were famous for their astrological
observations and calculations, and used a
sexagesimal (base-60) numbering system. In
addition to using base sixty, the babylonians
also made use of six and ten as sub-bases. The
babylonians sexagesimal system which first
appeared around 1900 to 1800 BC, is also
credited with being the first known place-value of
a particular digit depends on both the digit itself
and its position within the number . This as an
extremely important development, because –
prior to place-value system – people were obliged
to use different symbol to represent different
 Aztecs, Eskimos, And
Indian Merchants.
Other cultures such as the Aztecs, developed
vigesimal (base-20) systems because they
counted using both finger and toes. The Ainu of
Japan and the Eskimos of Greenland are two of
the peoples who make use of vigesimal systems
of present day . Another system that is relatively
easy to understand is quinary (base-5), which
uses five digit : 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The system is
particularly interesting , in that a quinary finger-
counting scheme is still in use today by Indian
merchant near Bombay . This allow them to
perform calculationsAztecs
on one hand
were the ethnic while serving
their customers with the
group other.
of Mexico
Number System
according to different
civilizations…
THE DECIMAL NUMBER
SYSTEM
The number system we use on day-to-day
basis in the decimal system , which is based
on ten digits: zero through nine. As the
decimal system is based on ten digits, it is
said to be base -10 or radix-10. Outside of
specialized requirement such as computing ,
base-10 numbering system have been
adopted almost universally. The decimal
system with which we are fated is a place-
value system, which means that the value of
a particular digit depends both on the itself
and on its position within the number.
MAYAN NUMBER SYSTEM
This system is unique to our current decimal
system, as our current decimal system uses
base -10 whereas, the Mayan Number
System uses base- 20.
The Mayan system used a combination of
two symbols. A dot (.) was used to represent
the units and a dash (-) was used to
represent five. The Mayan's wrote their
numbers vertically as opposed to horizontally
with the lowest denomination on the bottom.

Several numbers according to Mayan

Number System
 BINARY NUMBER
SYSTEM
The binary numeral system, or base-2 number
system, represents numeric values using two
symbols, 0 and 1. More specifically, the usual base-
2 system is a positional notation with a radix of 2.
Owing to its straight forward implementation in
digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the
binary system is used internally by all modern
computers. Counting in binary is similar to counting
in any other number system. Beginning with a
single digit, counting proceeds through each
symbol, in increasing order. Decimal counting uses
the symbols 0 through 9, while binary only uses the
symbols 0 and 1.
FRACTIONS AND ANCIENT
EGYPT
Ancient Egyptians had an understanding of
fractions, however they did not write simple
fractions as 3/5 or 4/9 because of restrictions in
notation. The Egyptian scribe wrote fractions
with the numerator of 1. They used the
hieroglyph “an open mouth" above the
number to indicate its reciprocal. The number 5,
written , as a fraction 1/5 would be written as . .
. There are some exceptions. There was a
special hieroglyph for 2/3, , and some evidence
that 3/4 also had a special hieroglyph. All other
fractions were written as the sum of unit
fractions. For example 3/8 was written as 1/4 +
Types of numbers
 Real Numbers
The real numbers include all of the
measuring numbers . Real numbers are
usually written using decimal numerals , in
which a decimal point is placed to the
right of the digit with place value one.
 It includes all types of numbers such as

Integers, Whole numbers, Natural

numbers, Rational number, Irrational
numbers and etc… Let us see them in
detail…
Rational Numbers
A rational number is a
number that can be
expressed as a fraction with
an integer numerator and a
non-zero natural number
denominator. The symbol of
the rational number is ‘Q’. It
includes all types of
numbers other than
irrational numbers, i.e. it
includes integers, whole
 Fractions
This is a type of a rational number. Fractions are
written as two numbers, the numerator and the
denominator ,with a dividing bar between them.
 In the fraction m/n ‘m’ represents equal parts,
where ‘n’ equal parts of that size make up one
whole.
 If the absolute value of m is greater than n ,then
the absolute value of the fraction is greater than
1.Fractions can be greater than ,less than ,or
equal to1 and can also be positive ,negative , or
zero.
 Irrational Numbers
If a real number cannot be written as a fraction of
two integers, i.e. it is not rational, it is called
irrational numbers . A decimal that can be written
as a fraction either ends(terminates)or forever
repeats about which we will see in detail further.

Real number pi (π) is an example of irrational.

π=3.14159365358979……the number neither
start repeating themselves or come in a specific
pattern.
Integers
 Integers are the number which includes
positive and negative numbers.
 Negative numbers are numbers that are

less than zero. They are opposite of positive

numbers . Negative numbers are usually
written with a negative sign(also called a
minus sign)in front of the number they are
opposite of .When the set of negative
numbers is combined with the natural
numbers zero, the result is the set of
integer numbers , also called ‘Z’.
 Natural numbers
 The most familiar numbers are the natural
numbers or counting numbers: One, Two,
Three and so on….
 Traditionally, the sequence of natural

numbers started with 1.However in the 19th

century, mathematicians started including 0
in the set of natural numbers.
 The mathematical symbol for the set of all

natural numbers is ‘N’.

 Complex number
Moving to a greater level of abstraction, the real
numbers can be extended to the complex
numbers. This set of number arose historically,
from trying to find closed formulas for the roots of
cubic and quadratic polynomials. This led to
expressions involving the square roots of
negative numbers, eventually to the definition of
a new number: the square root of negative one
denoted by “I”. The complex numbers consist of
all numbers of the form (a+bi) ; Where a and b
are real numbers.
 Other Types

There are different kind of other numbers too. It

includes
 hyper-real numbers,

 hyper-complex numbers,

 p-adic numbers,

 surreal numbers etc.

These numbers are rarely used in our day-to-day

life. Therefore, we need not know about them in
detail.
 Decimal Expansion of Numbers
A decimal expansion of a number can be
either,
 Terminating

 Non-terminating, non recurring

 Non terminating, recurring

Let us see each of the following

briefly…
 Terminating decimal
A decimal expansion in which the remainder
becomes zero. For example, 54 9=
6
9 54 As the remainder is zero, this
is a terminating decimal
54
0

Terminating decimal is always a rational number.

It can be written in p/q form.
Non terminating non
recurring
“Recurring” means “repeating”. In this form,
when we divide a number by another, remainder
never becomes zero, and also the number does
not repeat themselves in any specific pattern. If a
number is non terminating and non repeating,
they are always classified as irrational number.
For example,

0.10100100010000100000100.... does have a

pattern, but it is not a fixed-length recurring
pattern, so the number is irrational.
 Non terminating,
recurring
In this form, when a number is divided by the
other, the remainder never becomes zero,
instead the numbers of the quotient start
repeating themselves. Such numbers are
classified as rational numbers. For example,

3.7250725072507250…
In this example, “7250” have started repeating
itself. Hence, it is a rational number. It can be
expressed in p/q form.
 Mathematicians related to
Number System
Euclid :
Euclid was an ancient mathematician from
Alexandria, who is best known for his major
work, Elements. He told about the division
lemma, according to which,
A prime number that divides a product of
two integers must divide one of the two
integer.

Euclid – The father of geometry

 Mathematicians related to
Number System
R. Dedekind And G. Cantor :
In 1870s two German mathematicians;
Cantor and Dedekind, showed that :
Corresponding to every real number, there is
a point on the number line, and corresponding
to every point on the number line, there exists
a unique real number.

G. Cantor R. Dedekind
 Mathematicians related to
Number System
Archimedes :

He was a Greek mathematician. He was the first

to compute the digits in the decimal expansion of
π (pi). He showed that -
3.140845 < π < 3.142857

Archimedes
 What is a number
line?
A number line is a line with marks on it that
are placed at equal distance apart. One
mark on the number line is usually labeled
zero and then each successive mark to the
left or to the write of the zero represents a
particular unit such as 1, or 0.5. It is a
picture of a straight line.

A number line
 Are Numerals and
numbers same?
No, number and numerals are not same.
Numerals are used to make numbers. It is a
symbol used to represent a number.

For example, the NUMERAL 4 is the name of

NUMBER four.

Number 7
Numeral “7”
 Word Alternatives

Some numbers traditionally have words to

express them, including the following:
 Pair, couple, brace: 2
 Dozen: 12
 Bakers dozen: 13
 Score: 20
 Gross: 144
 Ream(new measure): 500
 Great gross: 1728
Thank You!
 Project made and
Compiled by:-

MOHAMMAD ZAYAN ASFAK

SHAIKH
X A