OPERATING SYSTEM

OSY-22516

UNIT-I
OVERVIEW OF OPERATING SYSTEM

29/01/2025
TH (ESE) TH(PA) PR(ESE) PR(PA) TOTAL

70 30 25@ 25 150

29/01/2025
 POINTS TO BE COVERED
• Introduction to Operating System
• Components of Operating System
• Operations of Operating System
• Views of Operating System
• Loading of OS {extra point}

29/01/2025
 INTRODUCTION
• Definition of Operating Systems
• A program that acts as an intermediate between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware.

• Operating system goals:

– Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.

• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

29/01/2025
 INTRODUCTION

OPERATING SYSTEM

PROPRIETARY OS OPEN SOURCE OS

WINDOWS OS UNIX OS
MACINTOSH OS LINUX OS
HACKINTOSH OS UBANTU OS

29/01/2025
 COMPONENTS OF OS
• A computer system can be divided roughly into four
components.
• 1. Hardware
• 2. OS
• 3. Application programs
• 4. Users

29/01/2025
 COMPONENTS OF OS

29/01/2025 Fig:- Abstract view of the components of a computer system

 COMPONENTS OF OS
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU,
memory, I/O devices).

2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the

hardware among the various application programs for the
various users.

3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the

system resources are used to solve the computing problems
of the users (compilers, database systems, video games,
business programs).

4. Users - (people, machines, other computers).

29/01/2025
 COMPONENTS OF OS

Hides the complexity of machine

language from programmer

Instruction Set Architecture

Physical devices grouped

together to form functional units

Integrated circuit chips,

power supply, CRT

• The operating system run in kernel or supervisor mode -

protected from user tampering
• Compilers, editors and application programs run in user
mode.
29/01/2025
 OPERATION OF OS
• The following are some of the operations of operating system
• A) PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
• A program is collection of different processes.
• A process is a program in execution.
• A process needs certain resources, including CPU time,
memory, files, and I/O devices to accomplish its task.
• The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connection with process management.
– Process creation and deletion.
– Process suspension and resumption.
– Provision of mechanisms for:
• process synchronization
• process communication
29/01/2025
 OPERATION OF OS
• B) RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
• Resource management refers to techniques for
managing resources
– Time management
• CPU and disk transfer scheduling
– Space management
• main and secondary storage allocation
– Synchronization and deadlock handling
• IPC, critical section, coordination
– Accounting and status information
• resource usage tracking
29/01/2025
 OPERATION OF OS
• C) SECURITY AND PROTECTION

• Security defends a system from external and internal attacks

– Viruses, worms, denial of service attacks, identify theft

• Protection controls the access of processes or users to the

resources of the computer system
– Distinguish between authorized and unauthorized use

29/01/2025
 VIEWS OF OS
• The operating system can be observed from the point of view
of the user or the system.

• This is known as the user view and the system view

respectively.

USER VIEW OPERATING SYSTEM SYSTEM VIEW

29/01/2025
 VIEWS OF OS
• A) USER VIEW
• User view of the computer varies according to the interface
being used.
• Operating makes this view more easy by providing ease of use
(Easy handling)
• The different types of user view experiences can be explained
as follows:
a) User is using personal computer.
b) User is using a system connected to a mainframe.
c) User is using a workstation connected to other workstations in a
network.
d) User is using a mobile, PDA or a palmtop.

29/01/2025
 VIEWS OF OS
• B) SYSTEM VIEW
• From the computer’s point of view, the OS is involved with the
hardware.

• It is know as resource allocator.

• OS controls many I/O devices.

• It is a control program that manages the execution of user

program to prevent errors & improper use of computer.

29/01/2025
 LOADING OF OS
Computer-System Architecture

29/01/2025
 LOADING OF OS
• Computer-System Operation
– Initial program, or bootstrap program is run
– Stored in ROM or EPROM within the computer hardware
– Initializes all aspects of the computer (registers, controllers, memory
etc.)
– Loads the operating system and executes it
• Locates and loads the OS kernel
– Once loaded, the OS waits for an event to occur
• Events usually signaled by an interrupt from either the hardware
or software
– Hardware sends a signal to the CPU via the system bus
– Software triggers an interrupt by executing a system call

29/01/2025
 LOADING OF OS
BOOTSTRAPPING

29/01/2025
 POINTS TO BE COVERED
• Different Types of • Command Line Based
Operating System OS
– Batch OS – DOS
– Multiprogrammed OS
– UNIX
– Time Shared OS
– Multiprocessor Systems
– Distributed Systems • GUI Based OS
– Real Time OS (RTOS) – Windows
– Linux
• Mobile OS
– Android
– IOS
29/01/2025
29/01/2025
29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM
• The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the
computer directly.
• Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch
cards and submits it to the computer operator.
• To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched
together and run as a group.
• The programmers leave their programs with the operator and
the operator then sorts the programs with similar
requirements into batches.

29/01/2025
29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• The problems with Batch Systems are as follows:-

• Lack of interaction between the user and the job.

• CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O

devices is slower than the CPU.

• Difficult to provide the desired priority.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• MULTIPROGRAMMED OPERATING SYSTEMS
• Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in
memory at the same time, is referred as multiprogramming.

• Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor.

• Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing

jobs so that the CPU always has one to execute.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• LAYOUT OF MULTIPROGRAMMED OS

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• An OS does the following activities related to
multiprogramming.
• The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.
• This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
• The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the
jobs in the memory.
• Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all
active programs and system resources using memory
management programs to ensures that the CPU is never idle,
unless there are no jobs to process.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• TIME SHARED OS
• Processor's time which is shared among multiple users
simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.
• Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people,
located at various terminals, to use a particular computer
system at the same time.
• The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch
Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of
Multiprogrammed batch systems, the objective is to maximize
processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the
objective is to minimize response time.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• Advantages
– Provides the advantage of quick response.
– Avoids duplication of software.
– Reduces CPU idle time.

• Disadvantages
– Problem of reliability.
– Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.
– Problem of data communication.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS
• Multiprocessing system is based on the symmetric
multiprocessing model, in which each processor runs an
identical copy of operating system and these copies
communicate with each other.
• These types of systems are used when very high speed is
required to process a large volume of data.
• These systems are generally used in environment like satellite
control, weather forecasting etc.
• In this system processor is assigned a specific task. A master
processor controls the system. This scheme defines a master-
slave relationship.

29/01/2025
29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS
• Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve
multiple real-time applications and multiple users.
• Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors
accordingly.
• The processors communicate with one another through
various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or
telephone lines).
• Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and
function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes,
computers, and so on.

29/01/2025
29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• The advantages of distributed systems are :-
– With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be
able to use the resources available at another.
– Speedup the exchange of data with one another via
electronic mail.
– If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites
can potentially continue operating.
– Better service to the customers.
– Reduction of the load on the host computer.
– Reduction of delays in data processing.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• REAL TIME OS (RTOS)
• A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in
which the time interval required to process and respond to
inputs is so small that it controls the environment.

• The time taken by the system to respond to an input and

display of required updated information is termed as
the response time.

• So in this method, the response time is very less as compared

to online processing.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• There are two types of real-time operating systems.

• Hard real-time systems

• Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete
on time.

• In hard real-time systems, secondary storage is limited or

missing and the data is stored in ROM.

• In these systems, virtual memory is almost never found.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• Soft real-time systems
• Soft real-time systems are less restrictive.

• A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and

retains the priority until it completes.

• Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard real-time

systems.

• For example, multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific

Projects like undersea exploration and planetary rovers, etc.
29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• MOBILE OS

• ANDROID OS
• The Android OS is an open source operating system primarily
used in mobile devices.

• Written primarily in Java and based on the Linux operating

system, it was initially developed by Android Inc. and was
eventually purchased by Google in 2005.

29/01/2025
29/01/2025
29/01/2025
29/01/2025
29/01/2025
29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• ARCHITECTURE OF ANDROID
• LINUX KERNEL
• At the bottom of the layers is Linux - Linux 3.6 with
approximately 115 patches.

• This provides a level of abstraction between the device

hardware and it contains all the essential hardware drivers
like camera, keypad, display etc.

• Also, the kernel handles all the things such as networking and
a vast array of device drivers.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• LIBRARIES
• On top of Linux kernel there is a set of libraries including
– Open-source Web browser engine WebKit

– SQLite database which is a useful repository for storage

and sharing of application data

– Libraries to play and record audio and video

– SSL libraries responsible for Internet security etc.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• ANDROID LIBRARIES
• This category encompasses those Java-based libraries that are
specific to Android development.
• Android libraries available to the Android developer is as follows −

• android.app • android.widget
• android.content • android.webkit
• android.database
• android.opengl
• android.os
• android.text
• android.view

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• ANDROID RUNTIME
• This section provides a key component called Dalvik Virtual
Machine which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially
designed and optimized for Android.

• The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory

management and multi-threading, which is intrinsic in the
Java language.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• APPLICATION FRAMEWORK
• The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level
services to applications in the form of Java classes. The Android
framework includes the following key services −
• Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle
and activity stack.
• Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and share data
with other applications.
• Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code embedded
resources such as strings, color settings and user interface layouts.
• Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display alerts and
notifications to the user.
• View System − An extensible set of views used to create application
user interfaces.
29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• APPLICATION FRAMEWORK
• You will find all the Android application at the top layer.

• You will write your application to be installed on this layer

only.

• Examples of such applications are Contacts Books, Browser,

Games etc.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• iOS
• The iOS is the operating system created by Apple Inc. for
mobile devices.

• The iOS is used in many of the mobile devices for apple such
as iPhone, iPod, iPad etc.

• The iOS is used a lot and only lags behind Android in terms of
popularity.

29/01/2025
29/01/2025
29/01/2025
29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• ARCHITECTURE OF iOS
• The iOS architecture is layered.
• It contains an intermediate layer between the applications
and the hardware so they do not communicate directly.
• The lower layers in iOS provide the basic services and the
higher layers provide the user interface and sophisticated
graphics.

29/01/2025
29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• CORE OS
• All the iOS technologies are build on the low level features
provided by the Core OS layer.

• These technologies include

– Core Bluetooth Framework
– External Accessory Framework
– Accelerate Framework
– Security Services Framework
– Local Authorization Framework etc.

29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• CORE SERVICES • Address Book Framework
• Some of these services are given as – The address book framework provides
follows: access to the contacts database of the
user.
• Cloudkit Framework
– The data can be moved between the• Core Motion Framework
app the iCloud using the Cloudkit – All the motion based data on the device
Framework. is accessed using core motion
framework.
• Core Foundation Framework
– This provides the data management• Healthkit Framework
and service features for the iOS apps. – The health related information of the
user can be handled by this new
framework.
• Core Data Framework
– The data model of the model view
controller app is handled using the Core• Core Location Framework
Data Framework. – This framework provides the location
and heading information to the various
29/01/2025 apps.
 TYPES OF OS
• MEDIA • Core Animation
• The media layer enables all the – The Core Animation technology
graphics, audio and video optimizes the animation
experience of the apps.
technology of the system.
• Media Player Framework
• UIKit Graphics – This framework provides support
– This provides support for for playing playlists and enables
designing images and animating the user to use their iTunes
the view content. library.

• Core Graphics Framework • AV Kit

– This provides support for 2-D – This provides various easy to use
vector and image based interfaces for video presentation.
rendering and is the native
drawing engine for iOS apps.
29/01/2025
 TYPES OF OS
• COCOA TOUCH
• The cocoa touch layer provides the following frameworks:
• EventKit Framework
– This shows the standard system interfaces using view controllers for
viewing and changing calendar related events.

• GameKit Framework
– This provides support for users to share their game related data online
using Game center.

• MapKit Framework
– This provides a scrollable map which can be included into the app user
interface.
29/01/2025
 COMMAND BASED OS
• DISK OPERATING SYSTEM [DOS]
• It is MS DOS Microsoft Disk Operating System.

• It is single user, non-graphical line oriented command or

menu-driven operating system.

• It has simple interface but interface is less user friendly.

• Example: dir, mkdir etc.

29/01/2025
 COMMAND BASED OS
• It has following system files.

• MSDOS.SYS
– Provides interface between the hardware devices and software of the
system.
– Hence is KERNEL resides in MSDOS.SYS.

• IO.SYS
– It contains device I/O routines for management of I/O devices.

• COMMAND.COM
– It is a command interpreter which displays the system prompt.

29/01/2025
 COMMAND BASED OS
• It has following user configuration files.

• CONFIG.SYS
– It provides reference to device drivers.
– Device drivers are loaded when OS takes control of the computer.

• AUTOEXEC.BAT
– AUTOEXEC means “Automatic Execution” which automatically
executes commands on system startup
– It is a plain-text batch file in the root directory of the boot device.

29/01/2025
 COMMAND BASED OS
• DIRECTORY STRUCTURE IN DOS
• DOS permits grouping related files together in directories.

• When a disk is formatted then a ROOT directory is created & it

is denoted by ( \ ).

• The directory structure forms a hierarchical format.

• Each entry in directory consumes 32 bytes.

29/01/2025
 BYTE
SIZE CONTENT
8 Primary Name of the file
3 Extension Name
1 File attribute
10 Reserved
2 Time of creation or last updating
2 Date of creation or last updating
2 Starting cluster
4 File size

29/01/2025
29/01/2025
 COMMAND BASED OS
• FILE STRUCTURE IN DOS
• DOS file name contains two parts, primary and secondary
names.
• Maximum 8 alphanumeric characters or hypen are allowed
for giving primary name.
• Secondary name consists of three characters which are
optional.
• Secondary names represent the extension of the file
like .COM or .EXE
• There are total 37 bytes of information in File Control Block
(FCB).

29/01/2025
 BYTE
SIZE CONTENT
1 Driver identifier
8 Primary name of file
3 Secondary (extension) name of file
2 Current block number
2 Record Size
4 File Size
2 Date of creation or last updating
2 Time of creation or last updating
8 Reserved
1 Current record number
4 Relative record number

29/01/2025
 COMMAND BASED OS
• FEATURES OF DOS
• Single user OS & permits execution of one task at a time.

• It offers command user interface.

• Supports hierarchical directories.

• It is written completely in 8086 assembly language.

29/01/2025
 COMMAND BASED OS
• UNIX OS
• Developed in 1970 by Ken Thompson at Bell Laboratory.

• UNIX runs on a wider range of systems than any other OS.

• It allows people to work together and share information in

controlled way.

• UNIX provides power and flexibility.

29/01/2025
 COMMAND BASED OS
• INTERFACES TO UNIX

Users
User Mode

User Interface
Standard Utilities

Standard Library Library Interface

Kernel System Call Interface

UNIX OS
Mode
System Hardware

29/01/2025
 COMMAND BASED OS
• THE UNIX SHELL
• The UNIX command line interface is called as UNIX shell.

• Bourne shell (sh) is example of UNIX shell.

• It is initialized at start and types a prompt character denoted by

‘%’ or ‘$’ sign.

• When user types a command shell removes the first word from
it.

• It then terminates the program and waits for other command to

be typed.
29/01/2025
 COMMAND BASED OS
• THE UNIX UTILITY PROGRAMS
• Apart from the shell, user interface to UNIX consist of a large
number of standard utility programs.

• These are categorized as file and directory manipulation

commands, filters, program development tools such as editors
and compilers, text processing, system administration and last
is miscellaneous.

• It is categorized so that anyone should be able to write shell

scripts that use these programs and work on all UNIX system.

29/01/2025
PROGRAM USE
cat Concatenate multiple files to standard output.
chmod Change file protection mode.
cp Copy one or more files.
cut Cut columns of text from a file.
grep Search a file for some pattern.
head Extract the first lines of a file.
ls List directory
make Compile files to build a binary
mkdir Make a directory
od Octal dump a file
paste Paste volumes of text into a file.
pr Format a file for printing
rm Remove one or more files
rmdir Remove a directory
sort Sort a file of lines alphabetically
tail Extract the last lines of a line.
tr
29/01/2025 Translate between character sets.
 GUI BASED OS
• WINDOWS
• Windows is developed by Microsoft.

• It is a forerunner to the Apple Macintosh.

• Microsoft provided MS-DOS a graphical user interface called

WINDOWS.

29/01/2025
 GUI BASED OS
• WINDOWS SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• HARDWARE ABSTRACTION LAYER (HAL)
– HAL provides portability across platforms.

• KERNEL
– It is responsible for handling all kind of programs and process.

• EXECUTIVE
• It is written in C and includes 10 components
Security
Object Manger I/O Manager Process Manager VM Manager Reference
monitor
Plug-&-Play Registry & Advance local
Cache Manager Manager Power Manager Booting procedure call
29/01/2025
29/01/2025
 GUI BASED OS
• LINUX
• It is free and open source OS.

• It supports GUI.

• It supports multiple languages.

• It has multiple application support.

• It supports multiple users, multithreading, multitasking &

networking as well.

• It is portable and can be installed on any machine.

29/01/2025
 GUI BASED OS
• COMPONENTS OF LINUX
• KERNEL
• It is responsible for handling all kind of programs and process.

• SYSTEM LIABRARIES
– Provides interaction with kernel.

• SYSTEM UTILITIES
– These are the programs that carry out individual, specialized
management tasks.

29/01/2025
29/01/2025