UNIT - 2

HARDWARE AND NETWORK PERIPHERALS

2.1. Introduction to Computer
Computers have become an integral part of our
daily lives, revolutionizing/transforming the way we:
- work
- communicate and
- access information.
A computer is a powerful electronic device that can
:
 perform various tasks
 process data and
 execute instructions
It has transformed industries, accelerated scientific
advancements, and enhanced our capabilities in
numerous fields.
Cont’d
A peripheral is a piece of computer hardware that is added
to a computer in order to expand its
abilities.
The term peripheral is used to describe those devices that are
optional in nature, as opposed to hardware that is either
demanded or always required in principle.
There are all different kinds of peripherals you can add to your
computer.
The main distinction among peripherals is the way they are
connected to your computer.
They can be connected internally or externally.
 Buses
 A bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a
computer or between computers.
 Unlike a point-to-point connection, a bus can logically connect several peripherals over
the same set of wires.
 Each bus defines its set of connectors to physically plug devices, cards or cables
together.
Types of Bus
There are two types of buses:
1) internal and

2) external
1) Internal buses
They are connections to various internal components.
2) External buses
They are connections to various external components.
There are different kinds of slots that internal and external devices can connect to.
 Internal

Types of Slots
There are many different kinds of internal buses, but only a
handful of popular ones.
Different computers come with different kinds and number
of slots.
 It is important to know what kind and number of slots you
have on your computer before you go out and by a card that
matches up to a slot you don’t have.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is common in
modern PCs.
This kind of bus is being succeeded by PCI Express.
 Typical PCI cards used in PCs include:
- network cards
- sound cards
- modems
- extra ports such as USB or serial
- TV tuner cards and
- disk controllers
Video cards have outgrown the capabilities of PCI because of
their higher bandwidth requirements.
 PCI Express

PCI Express was introduced by Intel in 2004.

It was designed to replace the general-purpose PCI
expansion bus and the AGP graphics card interface.
PCI express is not a bus but instead a point-to-point
connection of serial links called lanes.
 PCI Express cards have faster bandwidth then PCI cards
which make them more ideal for high-end video cards.
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is a high-
speed point-to-point channel for attaching a
graphics
card to a computer’s motherboard, primarily
to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer
graphics.
AGP has been replaced over the past couple
years by PCI Express.
 AGP cards and motherboards are still
available to buy, but they are becoming less
common.
 Types of Cards

A video card (also known as graphics card) is an expansion

card whose function is to generate and
output images to a display.
Some video cards offer added functions, such as :
# video capture
# TV tuner adapter
# ability to connect multiple monitors and others.
Most video cards all share similar components.
They include a graphics processing unit (GPU) which is a
dedicated microprocessor optimized for 3D graphics
rendering.
 Cont’d
 It also includes a video BIOS that contains the basic program that
governs the video card’s operations and provides the instructions that
allow the computer and software to interface with the card.
 If the video card is integrated in the motherboard, it may use the
computer RAM memory.
 If it is not it will have its own video memory called Video RAM.
 This kind of memory can range from 128MB to 2GB.
 A video card also has a RAMDAC (Random Access Memory Digital-to-
Analog Converter) which takes responsibility for turning the digital
signals produced by the computer processor into an analog signal which
can be understood by the computer display.
Lastly, they all have outputs such as an HD-15 connector (standard
monitor cable), DVI connector, SVideo, composite video or component
video.
 Sound Card

A sound card is an expansion card that facilitates the input and

output of audio signals to/from a computer under control of
computer programs.
Typical uses for sound cards include providing the
audio component for multimedia applications such as:
 music composition/arrangement
 editing video or audio
 presentation/education and
 entertainment
Many computers have sound capabilities built in,, while
others require additional expansion cards to provide for audio
capability.
 Network Card

 A network card is an expansion card that allows computers

to communicate over a computer network.
 It allows users to connect to each other either by using
cables or wirelessly.
 Although other network technologies exist, Ethernet has
achieved near-ubiquity for a while now.
 Every Ethernet network card has a unique 48-bit serial
number called a MAC address, which is stored in ROM
carried on the card.
 External

Types of Connections
USB
USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a serial bus standard to interface devices.
 USB was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a
single standardized interface socket and to improve the plug-and-play
capabilities by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected
without rebooting the computer.
Other convenient features include providing power to low consumption
devices without the need for an external power supply and allowing
many devices to be used without requiring manufacturer specific,
individual device drivers to be installed.
USB is by far the dominating bus for connecting external devices to your
computer.
 Fire wire

Firmware (technically known as IEEE 1394 and

also known as i. LINK for Sony) is a serial bus
interface standard for high-speed communications
and isochronous real-time data transfer, frequently
used in a personal computer? Firmware has
replaced Parallel ports in many applications.
It has been adopted as the High-Definition Audio-
Video Network Alliance (HANA) standard
connection interface for A/V (audio/visual)
component communication and control.
 Almost all modern digital camcorders have
included this connection.
 PS/2

The PS/2 connector is used for connecting some

keyboards and mice to a PC compatible computer
system.
The keyboard and mouse interfaces are
electrically similar with the main difference being
that open collector outputs are required on both
ends of the keyboard interface to allow
bidirectional communication.
If a PS/2 mouse is connected to a PS/2 keyboard
port, the mouse may not be recognized by the
computer depending on configuration.
 Devices

Removable Storage
 The same kinds of CD and DVD drives that could come built-in on your computer can
also be attached externally.
 You might only have a CD-ROM drive built-in to your computer but you need a CD
writer to burn CDs.
 You can buy an external CD writer that connects to your USB port and acts the same way
as if it was built-in to your computer.
 The same is true for DVD writers, Blu-ray drives, and floppy drives.
 Flash drives have become very popular forms of removable storage especially as the price
of flash drives decreases and the possible size for them increases.
 Flash drives are usually USB ones either in the form USB sticks or very small, portable
devices.
 USB flash drives are small, fast, removable, rewritable, and long-lasting.
 Storage capacities range from 64MB to 32GB or more.
 A flash drive does not have any mechanically driven parts so as opposed to a hard drive
which makes it more durable and smaller usually.
 Non-removable Storage

Non-removable storage can be a hard drive that is

connected externally.
External hard drives have become very popular for
backups, shared drives among many computers,
and simply expanding the amount of hard drive
space you have from your internal hard drive.
External hard drives come in many shapes and
sizes like flash drives do.
An external hard drive is usually connected by USB
but you can also have a networked hard drive
which will connect to your network which allows all
computers on that network to access that hard
drive.
 Input
Input devices are absolutely crucial to computers.
The most common input devices are mice and
keyboards which barely every computer has.
A new popular pointing device that may eventually
replace the mouse is touch screen which you can
get on some tablet notebooks.
Other popular input devices include:
- microphones
- scanner
- webcams
- fingerprint readers which can also be
built in to modern laptops and desktops.
 Output
There are lots of different kinds of output devices
that you can get for your computer.
 The absolute most common external output device
is a monitor.
Other very popular output devices are printers and
speakers.
There are lots of different kinds of printers and
different sizes of speakers for your computer.
Monitors are connected usually through the HD-15
connector on your video card.
Printers are usually connected through a USB port.
Speakers have their own audio out port built-into
the sound card.
 2.1.1. Generation Of
computers
Web development is a thriving field with a wide
range of career opportunities.
Here are some popular web career pathways:
Computers have evolved over time through
different generations, each marked by
significant advancements in technology.
Cont’d
2.1.2. Characteristics of a Computer
System

A computer system possesses several key

characteristics that make it a powerful tool for
processing information.
These include:
1) Speed: Computers are designed to perform
tasks at incredibly/extremely high speeds.
They can execute millions or even billions of
instructions per second, depending on the
processor's clock speed.
2) Accuracy:
Computers are highly accurate when it comes
to executing instructions and performing
calculations.
They operate based on precise binary logic,
ensuring that calculations and operations are
carried out without errors.
However, it's important to note that accuracy
is dependent on the correctness of the input
provided and the programming of the
instructions.
3) Storage Capacity:
Computer systems have vast storage
capacities, allowing them to store and
retrieve massive amounts of data quickly.
 The primary storage component, such as RAM
(Random Access Memory), provides temporary
storage for data and instructions that are
currently being processed.
Secondary storage devices, such as hard drives
or solid-state drives, offer larger capacities for
long-term data storage.
4) Versatility:
Computers are highly
versatile/multipurposes machines.
They can be programmed to perform various
tasks and handle different types of data.
 Through software applications, computers can
process text, images, audio, video, and other
forms of data.
This versatility allows computers to be used in
a wide range of industries and applications,
from scientific
research to business operations and
entertainment.
5)Automation:
One of the key advantages of computers is
their ability to automate repetitive tasks.
Through programming and the use of software
applications, computers can automate
processes, reducing the need for manual
intervention.
This automation increases efficiency,
accuracy, and productivity, freeing up
human resources to focus on more
complex and creative tasks.
6) Security:
The measures and protocols implemented to protect
the computer system and its data from unauthorized
access, breaches, or malicious activities.
 Security mechanisms include:
- authentication
- encryption
- firewalls and
- antivirus software
7) Reliability: The measure of how consistently and
accurately the computer system performs its intended
functions.
• Reliable systems minimize errors, crashes, and data
loss, ensuring consistent and predictable operation.
8) Scalability:
The ability of the computer system to accommodate
changes in workload or resource demands.
Scalability allows the system to handle increased
processing requirements, storage needs, or user
demands without significant performance
degradation.
9) Compatibility:
 The ability of the computer system to work
efficiently with different hardware, software, or data
formats.
Compatibility ensures seamless integration and
interoperability with various devices, applications,
and standards.
10) Upgradeability:
The ability to enhance or expand the
capabilities of the computer system by adding
or replacing hardware components or
upgrading software.
Upgradeability allows for improved:
- performance,
- storage capacity, or
- functionality
 Classification of
2.1.3.
computers
Computers can be classified into different
categories based on their:
 size
 purpose and
 capabilities
The common classifications
include:
2.1.4. Application of computers
 Organization of
2.2.
computer systems
The organization of computer systems ensures:
 efficient data flow
 storage and
 communication
enabling the computer to function effectively
and provide the desired functionality to users.
 2.2.1. Organization of computer
systems

Computer systems are organized into various

components that work together to perform
tasks
and process information.
The organization of computer systems typically
includes the following components:
1. Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
The CPU is the "brain" of the computer and
performs most of the processing.
 It consists of the:
 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
for performing calculations and
Control unit (CU)
for managing instructions and data
flow
2. Memory
Memory is used to store data and instructions
that the CPU needs to access quickly.
There are different types of memory, including:
A) Random Access Memory (RAM):
RAM is volatile memory that provides temporary
storage for data and instructions while the
computer is running.
B) Read-Only Memory (ROM):
ROM is non-volatile memory that stores
permanent instructions, such as the computer's
boot-up instructions.
3. Storage Devices:
 Storage devices are used for long-term data storage.
 Common types of storage devices include:
 hard disk drives (HDDs)
 solid-state drives (SSDs) and
 Optical drives (CD/DVD)
4. Input Devices:
Input devices allow users to input data and instructions into the
computer.
Examples include:
 keyboards
 Mice
 Touchscreens
 scanners and
 microphones
5. Output Devices:
Output devices display or present processed
data to the user.
Examples include :
- monitors
- printers
- speakers and
- projectors
6. Motherboard:
The motherboard is the main circuit board that
connects and allows communication between all
the components of the computer system.
7. Expansion Cards:
Expansion cards are additional circuit boards
that can be added to the motherboard to enhance
the computer's capabilities.
Examples include :
- graphics cards
- sound cards and
- network interface cards
8. Bus System:
The bus system is a communication pathway that
allows data and instructions to be transferred
between the different components of the computer
system.
9. Operating System:
The operating system is a software program that
manages the computer's resources, controls hardware
operations, and provides a user interface.
It enables the execution of applications and coordinates
the interaction between software and hardware
components.
10. Software:
Software refers to the programs and applications that run
on the computer system, including :
 operating systems
 productivity software
 games and
 utility programs
 Cables
 Computer ports and cables are essential for connecting various devices and peripherals to
acomputer system.
 They facilitate:
- data transfer
- power supply and
- communication between devices.
 Here are some commonly used ports and cables:
1) USB (Universal Serial Bus) Ports:
USB ports are widely used for connecting devices such as
 keyboards
 Mice
 printers
 external hard drives
 smartphones, and
 other peripherals
USB ports come in different versions, including:
- USB 2.0
- USB 3.0
- USB 3.1 and
- USB-C,
2. HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia
Interface) Port:
HDMI ports are used to connect computers to
external displays, such as monitors, TVs, and
projectors.
 They transmit high-quality audio and video
signals, allowing for seamless multimedia
playback.
3. Display Port:
Display Port is another video interface used for
connecting computers to monitors and other
display devices.
It supports high-resolution video and audio,
and can also carry data signals.
4. Ethernet Port:
Ethernet ports, also known as RJ-45 ports, are
used for wired network connections.
They enable computers to connect to local area
networks (LANs) and access the internet
through Ethernet cables.
5. Audio Ports:
Audio ports, commonly found on computers and
laptops, allow for the connection of headphones,
speakers, microphones, and other audio devices.
They can be 3.5mm audio jacks or specialized
ports for specific audio needs.
6. VGA (Video Graphics Array)
Port:
VGA ports are older analog video ports used
for connecting computers to displays.
While they are less common now, some older
monitors
and projectors still use VGA connections.
7. DVI (Digital Visual Interface) Port:
DVI ports are used for digital video connections
and can support both analog and digital
signals.
They are commonly found on older monitors
and graphics cards.
8. Thunderbolt Port:
Thunderbolt ports are high-speed ports that
can transmit both data and video signals. They
are often found on Apple computers and allow
for the connection of various peripherals, such
as external hard drives and monitors.
9. Power Port:
Power ports are used to connect the computer
to a power source.
They vary depending on the computer model,
with some using AC power adapters and others
using DC power connectors.
10. Cable Types:
Various cables are used to connect devices to
the computer ports.
Some common cable types include:
 USB cables
 HDMI cables
 Ethernet cables (e.g., Cat5e,Cat6)
 audio cables (e.g., 3.5mm audio cables)
 Display Port cables and
 VGA cables
Home work(self-check)
1. What are the key components of a computer
system?
2. Name and briefly explain the generations of
computers.
3. What are the characteristics that define a
computer system?