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Electronics I ELE 2403 LO2: Lecture Slides Prepared by Electronics Team

The document covers the analysis and applications of semiconductor diodes, including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, Zener diodes, and various optical diodes. It explains their operation, performance metrics, and applications in voltage regulation and signal isolation. Additionally, it includes examples and characteristics of different types of diodes used in electronic circuits.

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12 views29 pages

Electronics I ELE 2403 LO2: Lecture Slides Prepared by Electronics Team

The document covers the analysis and applications of semiconductor diodes, including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, Zener diodes, and various optical diodes. It explains their operation, performance metrics, and applications in voltage regulation and signal isolation. Additionally, it includes examples and characteristics of different types of diodes used in electronic circuits.

Uploaded by

yohannesw06
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronics I

ELE 2403
LO2

Lecture Slides Prepared by Electronics Team


Analyze various applications of
semiconductor diodes. [ Chapters 2 & 3 ]
 Explain the operation and performance of a half-
wave rectifier, center- tapped full -wave rectifier, and
bridge rectifier;
 Determine the peak inverse voltage (PIV) across the
diode; and
determine the average voltage, peak voltage, ripple
voltage, and ripple factor across the load.
 Describe the construction, operation, V- I
characteristic curve, and associated datasheet
parameters of a given Zener diode.
 Analyze the Zener diode voltage regulator application
for a varying input voltage with a fixed load and a
2 variable load with a constant input voltage.

3
Diode Applications/Half Wave Rectifier

 A half wave
rectifier(ideal)
allows
conduction for
only 180° or half
of a complete
cycle.
 The output
frequency is the
same as the
input.
 The average VDC
or VAVG = Vp/
 Peak-Inverse-
Voltage or PIV =
4 Vp
Example 2-1 [page 48]
What is the average value of the half-wave
rectified voltage in the figure below:-

5
Example 2-2 [page 49]
Draw and find the output voltage of each
rectifier for the indicated input voltage as
shown in the figure below:

6
Full-Wave Rectifier
A full-wave rectifier allows current to flow
during both the positive and negative half
cycles or the full 360º. Note that the output
frequency is twice the input frequency.

The average VDC or VAVG = 2Vp/.

7
8
Center-Tapped Full-Wave
Rectifier
Note the current flow direction during
both alternations. Being that it is center
tapped, the peak output is about half of
the secondary windings total voltage.
-0.7V

Each diode is subjected to a PIV of the full


secondary winding output minus one
diode voltage drop.
PIV=2Vp(out) +0.7V
9
10
The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
-1.4 V
 The PIV for a bridge rectifier is approximately half
the PIV for a center-tapped rectifier.
PIV( peak inverse voltage )=Vp(out) +0.7V

11
12
Example 2-4 [page 52]
Find the average value of the full-wave
rectified voltage

13
Example 2-6 [page 58]
Determine the peak output voltage for the
bridge rectifier in figure below . What PIV
rating is required for the diodes ? The
transformer is specified to have a 12v rms
secondary voltage for the standard 120v
across the primary

14
Ripple Voltage
A capacitor-input
filter as a an
output of full
wave rectifier will
charge and
discharge such
that it fills in the
“gaps” between
each peak. This
reduces
variations of
15
voltage. The
Ripple Voltage
The advantage of a full-wave rectifier over a
half-wave is quite clear. The capacitor can more
effectively reduce the ripple when the time
between peaks is shorter . Ripple is undesirable
, the smaller ripple , the better the filtering
action

16
Ripple Voltage
Ripple Factor : The Ripple factor (r) is an
indication of the effectiveness of the filter
and defined as:
r= Vr(pp) /VDC
Where :
Vr(pp) is the peak-to-peak voltage
VDC is the dc average value of the
filter’s output voltage
Vr(pp)= (1/f RlC) VP(rect)
VDC =(1-1/2f RlC)VP(rect)
Where VP(rect) is the unfiltered peak full-wave
17
Zener Diode
The basic function of zener diode is to
maintain a specific voltage across its
terminals within given limits of line or load
change.
Typically it is used for providing a stable
reference voltage for use in power supplies
and other equipment.

This particular zener circuit will work to maintain 10 V


.across the load
18
Zener Diodes
A zener diode is
much like a normal
diode, the
exception being is
that it is placed in
the circuit in
reverse bias and
operates in reverse
breakdown.
This typical
characteristic
curve illustrates
19 the operating
range for a zener.
Zener Diodes
The zener diode’s
breakdown
characteristics are
determined by the
doping process.
Low voltage zeners
less than 5V operate in
the zener breakdown
range.
Those designed to
operate more than 5 V
operate mostly in
20 avalanche breakdown
Zener Diode Applications
Regulation
 In this figure of zener regulation circuit, the zener diode will
“adjust” its impedance based on varying input voltages and
loads (RL) to be able to maintain its designated zener voltage.
 Zener current will increase or decrease directly with voltage
input changes.
 The zener current will increase or decrease inversely with
varying loads. Again, the zener has a finite range of operation.

21
Example 3-6
Determine the minimum and the maximum
load currents for which the zener diode in
the figure will maintain regulation . What is
the minimum value of RL that can be used ?
Vz =12v , Izk = 1 mA and Izm=50mA .

22
Lab # 2 & 3
Diode Applications : Half
wave rectifier , Full wave
rectifier ,Clamper &Limiter
Zener Diode

23
Optical Diodes
light-emitting diode (LED)
 The light-emitting diode (LED) emits photons as
visible light. Its purpose is for indication and other
intelligible displays. Various impurities are added
during the doping process to vary the color output.
 The seven segment display is an example of LEDs
use for display of decimal digits.

24
Photodiode
 The photodiode is used to vary current by the
amount of light that strikes it.
 It is placed in the circuit in reverse bias.
 As with most diodes when in reverse bias, no current
flows when in reverse bias, but when light strikes the
exposed junction through a tiny window, reverse
current increases proportional to light intensity.

25
Laser diode
The laser diode (light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation) produces a
monochromatic (single color) light.
Laser diodes in conjunction with photodiodes
are used to retrieve data from compact discs.

26
Opto - isolator.
 An optoisolator, also known as an optical coupler or
optocoupler, is a semiconductor device that allows
signals to be transferred between circuits or systems,
while keeping those circuits or systems electrically
isolated from each other.
 In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an
light-emitting diode (LED) that converts electrical
input signal into light , a closed optical channel (also
called dielectrical channel), and a photosensor, which
detects incoming light and either generates electric
current flowing . The photosensor can be a
phototransistor.

27
Opto - isolator.
The optoisolator is enclosed in a single
package, and has the appearance of an
integrated circuit (IC) or a transistor with
extra leads.
Optoisolators are used in a wide variety of
communications, control, and monitoring
systems.

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END LO2

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