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Lecture13 IDB

The document outlines a lecture on database joins, specifically focusing on how to write SELECT statements to access data from multiple tables using various types of joins including equijoins and non-equijoins. It also covers concepts such as Cartesian products, outer joins, and self-joins, along with examples and SQL queries. Additionally, it provides references for further reading on database management and SQL standards.

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6 views17 pages

Lecture13 IDB

The document outlines a lecture on database joins, specifically focusing on how to write SELECT statements to access data from multiple tables using various types of joins including equijoins and non-equijoins. It also covers concepts such as Cartesian products, outer joins, and self-joins, along with examples and SQL queries. Additionally, it provides references for further reading on database management and SQL standards.

Uploaded by

tanjilaisma1337
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Joining

Course Code: CSC 2108 Course Title: Introduction to Database

Dept. of Computer Science


Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecture No: 13 Semester:


Lecturer: Nyme Ahmed [[email protected]]
Lecture Outline
 After completing this lesson, you should be able to do
the following:
 Write SELECT statements to access data from more
than one table using equality and nonequality joins
 View data that generally does not meet a join condition
by using outer joins
 Join a table to itself
Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables

EMP DEPT
EMPNO ENAME ... DEPTNO DEPTNO DNAME LOC
------ ----- ... ------ ------ ---------- --------
7839 KING ... 10 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
7698 BLAKE ... 30 20 RESEARCH DALLAS
... 30 SALES CHICAGO
7934 MILLER ... 10 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

EMPNO
EMPNO DEPTNO
DEPTNO LOC
LOC
----- ------- --------
----- ------- --------
7839
7839 10
10 NEW
NEW YORK
YORK
7698
7698 30 CHICAGO
30 CHICAGO
7782
7782 10
10 NEW
NEW YORK
YORK
7566
7566 20
20 DALLAS
DALLAS
7654
7654 30 CHICAGO
30 CHICAGO
7499
7499 30
30 CHICAGO
CHICAGO
...
...
14
14 rows
rows selected.
selected.
What Is a Join?

SELECT
SELECT table1.column,
table1.column, table2.column
table2.column
FROM
FROM table1,
table1, table2
table2
WHERE
WHERE table1.column1
table1.column1 == table2.column2;
table2.column2;
Cartesian Product
Generating a Cartesian Product
EMP (14 rows) DEPT (4 rows)
EMPNO
EMPNO ENAME
ENAME ...
... DEPTNO
DEPTNO DEPTNO
DEPTNO DNAME
DNAME LOC
LOC
------ -----
------ ----- ...
... ------
------ ------ ---------- --------
------ ---------- --------
7839
7839 KING
KING ...
... 10
10 10
10 ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING NEW
NEW YORK
YORK
7698
7698 BLAKE
BLAKE ...
... 30
30 20
20 RESEARCH
RESEARCH DALLAS
DALLAS
...
... 30
30 SALES
SALES CHICAGO
CHICAGO
7934
7934 MILLER
MILLER ...
... 10
10 40
40 OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS BOSTON
BOSTON

ENAME
ENAME DNAME
DNAME
------
------ ----------
----------
KING
KING ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING
“Cartesian BLAKE
BLAKE ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING
product: ...
...
KING
KING RESEARCH
RESEARCH
14*4=56 rows” BLAKE RESEARCH
BLAKE RESEARCH
...
...
56
56 rows
rows selected.
selected.
Types of Joins
What Is an Equijoin?
EMP DEPT
EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO DEPTNO DNAME LOC
------ ------- ------- ------- ---------- --------
7839 KING 10 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
7698 BLAKE 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7782 CLARK 10 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
7566 JONES 20 20 RESEARCH DALLAS
7654 MARTIN 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7499 ALLEN 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7844 TURNER 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7900 JAMES 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7521 WARD 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7902 FORD 20 20 RESEARCH DALLAS
7369 SMITH 20 20 RESEARCH DALLAS
... ...
14 rows selected. 14 rows selected.

Foreign key Primary key


Retrieving Records with
Equijoins
SQL> SELECT emp.empno, emp.ename, emp.deptno,
2 dept.deptno, dept.loc
3 FROM emp, dept
4 WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO DEPTNO LOC


----- ------ ------ ------ ---------
7839 KING 10 10 NEW YORK
7698 BLAKE 30 30 CHICAGO
7782 CLARK 10 10 NEW YORK
7566 JONES 20 20 DALLAS
...
14 rows selected.
Qualifying Ambiguous Column
Names
Additional Search Conditions
Using the AND Operator
EMP DEPT
EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO DEPTNO DNAME LOC
------ ------- ------- ------ --------- --------
7839 KING 10 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
7698 BLAKE 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7782 CLARK 10 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
7566 JONES 20 20 RESEARCH DALLAS
7654 MARTIN 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7499 ALLEN 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7844 TURNER 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7900 JAMES 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7521 WARD 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7902 FORD 20 20 RESEARCH DALLAS
7369 SMITH 20 20 RESEARCH DALLAS
... ...
14 rows selected. 14 rows selected.
Using Table Aliases
 Simplify queries by using table aliases.

SQL> SELECT emp.empno, emp.ename, emp.deptno,


2 dept.deptno, dept.loc
3 FROM emp, dept
4 WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

SQL> SELECT e.empno, e.ename, e.deptno,


2 d.deptno, d.loc
3 FROM emp e, dept d
4 WHERE e.deptno=d.deptno;
Joining More Than Two Tables
CUSTOMER ORD
NAME
NAME CUSTID
CUSTID CUSTID
CUSTID ORDID
ORDID
-----------
----------- ------
------ -------
------- -------
-------
JOCKSPORTS
JOCKSPORTS 100
100 101
101 610
610
TKB SPORT SHOP
TKB SPORT SHOP 101
101 102
102 611
611
VOLLYRITE
VOLLYRITE 102
102 104
104 612
612
JUST
JUST TENNIS
TENNIS 103
103 106
106 601
601
K+T
K+T SPORTS
SPORTS 105
105 102
102 602
602 ITEM
SHAPE
SHAPE UP
UP 106
106 106
106 ORDID604
604 ITEMID
WOMENS ORDID ITEMID
WOMENS SPORTS
SPORTS 107
107 106 605
106 ------605 -------
... ... ... ------ -------
... ... ... 610 33
99 rows selected. 21 rows 610
selected.
rows selected. 21 rows selected.
611 11
611
612
612 11
601
601 11
602
602 11
...
...
64
64 rows
rows selected.
selected.
Non-Equijoins
EMP SALGRADE
EMPNO ENAME SAL GRADE LOSAL HISAL
------ ------- ------ ----- ----- ------
7839 KING 5000 1 700 1200
7698 BLAKE 2850 2 1201 1400
7782 CLARK 2450 3 1401 2000
7566 JONES 2975 4 2001 3000
7654 MARTIN 1250 5 3001 9999
7499 ALLEN 1600
7844 TURNER 1500
7900 JAMES 950
... “salary in the EMP
14 rows selected. table is between
low salary and high
salary in the SALGRADE
table”
Retrieving Records with Non-
Equijoins
SQL> SELECT e.ename, e.sal, s.grade
2 FROM emp e, salgrade s
3 WHERE e.sal
4 BETWEEN s.losal AND s.hisal;

ENAME SAL GRADE


---------- --------- ---------
JAMES 950 1
SMITH 800 1
ADAMS 1100 1
...
14 rows selected.
Books

1. Modern Database Management (Sixth Edition) by Fred R. McFadden, Jeffrey A.


Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott
2. Database System Concepts (Fifth Edition) by Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, A.
Silberschatz
3. Oracle-database-10g-sql-fundamentals-1-student-guide-volume-1
4. SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code by C.J. Date
5. Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and
Management (4th Edition) by Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn E. Begg
6. Fundamentals of Database Systems, 5th Edition by RamezElmasri, Shamkant B.
Navathe
7. Database Design and Relational Theory: Normal Forms and All That Jazz by C. J. Date
8. An Introduction to Database Systems 8th Edition, by C.J. Date
References

1. https://www.db-book.com/db6/slide-dir/index.html
2. https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/20/sqlrf/SQL-
Standards.html#GUID-BCCCFF75-D2A4-43AD-8CAF-C3C97D92AC63
3. https://www.slideshare.net/HaaMeemMohiyuddin1/data-knowledge-and-
information
4. https://www.slideshare.net/tabinhasan/from-data-to-wisdom
5. https://www.slideshare.net/thinnaphat.bo/

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