PROGRAMMING FOR

PROBLEM SOLVING
Dr.A.Kannaki@VasanthaAzhagu
B.E.,M.E.,B.Ed.,M.I.S.T.E.,Ph.D.,
Asso.Prof &Head/CSE
ACET
 Components of Computer

• A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, performs operations,

displays results, and stores the data or results as needed.
• It is a combination of hardware and software resources that integrate and
provide various functionalities to the user.
• Hardware is the physical components of a computer, such as a processor,
memory devices, monitor, keyboard, etc., while software is a set of programs
or instructions that are required by the hardware resources to function
properly.
Components of a Computer
• There are basically three important components of a computer:
1.Input Unit
2.Central Processing Unit(CPU)
3.Output Unit
• 1. Input Unit:
• The input unit consists of input devices that are attached to the computer. These
devices take input and convert it into binary language that the computer
understands. Some of the common input devices are keyboard, mouse, joystick,
scanner etc.
• The Input Unit is formed by attaching one or more input devices to a computer.
• A user input data and instructions through input devices such as a keyboard,
mouse, etc.
• The input unit is used to provide data to the processor for further processing.
2. Central Processing Unit:
• Once the information is entered into the computer by the input device, the processor processes it. The CPU is called
the brain of the computer because it is the control centre of the computer. It first fetches instructions from memory
and then interprets them so as to know what is to be done. If required, data is fetched from memory or input device.
Thereafter CPU executes or performs the required computation, and then either stores the output or displays it on the
output device. The CPU has three main components, which are responsible for different functions: Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU) and Memory registers
• A. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU, as its name suggests performs mathematical calculations and takes
logical decisions. Arithmetic calculations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical decisions
involve the comparison of two data items to see which one is larger or smaller or equal.
• Arithmetic Logical Unit is the main component of the CPU
• It is the fundamental building block of the CPU.
• Arithmetic and Logical Unit is a digital circuit that is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations.
• B. Control Unit: The Control unit coordinates and controls the data flow in and out of the CPU, and also controls all
the operations of ALU, memory registers and also input/output units. It is also responsible for carrying out all the
instructions stored in the program. It decodes the fetched instruction, interprets it and sends control signals to
input/output devices until the required operation is done properly by ALU and memory.
• The Control Unit is a component of the central processing unit of a computer that directs the operation of the
processor.
• It instructs the computer’s memory, arithmetic and logic unit, and input and output devices on how to respond to the
processor’s instructions.
• In order to execute the instructions, the components of a computer receive signals from the control unit.
• C. Memory Registers: A register is a temporary unit of memory in the CPU. These are used to store the data, which
is directly used by the processor. Registers can be of different sizes(16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and so on) and each register
inside the CPU has a specific function, like storing data, storing an instruction, storing address of a location in
memory etc. The user registers can be used by an assembly language programmer for storing operands, intermediate
results etc. Accumulator (ACC) is the main register in the ALU and contains one of the operands of an operation to
be performed in the ALU.
• Memory attached to the CPU is used for the storage of data and instructions, and is called internal memory The
internal memory is divided into many storage locations, each of which can store data or instructions. Each memory
location is of the same size and has an address. With the help of the address, the computer can read any memory
location easily without having to search the entire memory. When a program is executed, its data is copied to the
internal memory and stored in the memory till the end of the execution. The internal memory is also called the
Primary memory or Main memory. This memory is also called RAM, i.e., Random Access Memory. The time of access
of data is independent of its location in memory, therefore, this memory is also called Random Access memory
(RAM).
• Memory Unit is the primary storage of the computer.
• It stores both data and instructions.
• Data and instructions are stored permanently in this unit so that they are available whenever required.
• 3. Output Unit :
• The output unit consists of output devices that are attached to the computer. It converts the binary data coming from
the CPU to human understandable form. The common output devices are monitor, printer, plotter, etc.
• The output unit displays or prints the processed data in a user-friendly format.
• The output unit is formed by attaching the output devices of a computer.
Characteristics of a Computer
1.Speed: Computers can perform millions of calculations per
second. The computation speed is extremely fast.
2.Accuracy: Because computers operate on pre-programmed
software, there is no space for human error.
3.Diligence: They can perform complex and long calculations at
the same time and with the same accuracy.
4.Versatile: Computers are designed to be versatile. They can
carry out multiple operations at the same time.
5.Storage: Computers can store a large amount of data/
instructions in its memory, which can be retrieved at any point of
time.
• Q 1. MU, ALU and CU are all part of the ________.
1.Storage Memory
2.Central Processing Unit
3.Input Devices
4.Output Unit
5.None of the Above
Answer: (2) Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
• Q 2. ________ is the main memory of the computer
1.Random Access Memory
2.Read Only Memory
3.Internal Hard Drive
4.DVD
5.Computer has no main memory, it keeps erasing the
storage memory automatically
Answer: (3) Internal Hard Drive
• What is the full form of GUI?
1.Graphic User Interface
2.Games User Interface
3.Graphic Unified Interface
4.Graphic Unit Interface
5.None of the above
Answer: (1) Graphic User
Interface
• Q 4. A computer comprises how many types of
memory?
1.One
2.Four
3.Three
4.Two
5.Eight
• Solution: A computer comprises two types of memory.
One is Random Access Memory (RAM) and the other is
Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Q 5. Which of the following are the physical parts of a
computer?
1.Software
2.Operating System
3.Software Applications
4.Hardware
5.None of the above
Answer: (4) Hardware
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=qfUZBKDh9BY