Islamic Emirate Of Afghanistan

Ministry of Higher Education

Database Fundamentals

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 Lecture #2

DATBASE

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Database
Database is an organized collection of related data that is stored in
an efficient manner.
Organized : the world organized means that data is stored in such
away that the user can use this data easily.
Related : the word related means that a database is normally created
to store the data about a particular topic.
Efficient : the word efficient means that the user can search the
required data quickly.

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Database Management System
Database management system (DBMS) : a database management
system is a collection of program or software that are used to create and
maintain a database.
It is a general purpose software system that provides the following
facilities
It provide the facility to define the structure of database. The user can
specify data types, format and constraints for the data to be stored in
database

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It provides the facility to store data on some storage medium controlled
by DBMS.
It provides the facilities to insert, delete, update and retrieve specific data
to generate reports

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Kinds of DBMS

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Table
Table is the fundamental object of database structure the basic
purpose of a table is to store data.
A table consist of rows and columns, the data in table can be
manipulated easily.

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Rows / Records
Rows are the horizontal part of the table. It is a collection of
related fields.
Each row contain a records of different person.
1 Waheedullah 0799202020 Kabul, Afghanistan

2 Naqibullah 0777121212 Kunar, Afghanistan

Columns/Field Waheedullah

Columns are the vertical part of the table.

Abdullah

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Advantage of Database
1.Redundancy control
The data in database appears only once and is not duplicated.
The database approach does not eliminate redundancy, but it enables
the designer to control the type and amount of redundancy
2.Data consistency
An important benefit of controlling redundancy is that the data is
consistent. If a data item appears only at one place, it is easy to
maintain. If it is required to update data, the updating is performed at
only one place. The change will automatically take effect at all places
where ever this data is used

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3. Data independence :
Database approach provides the facility of data independence. It
means that the data and the application programs are separate from
each other. It is possible to change data storage structures and
operation without changing the application programs.
4. Data sharing :
Once a database is developed, in can be used by several users in
organization. The database can also be shared by different
application. If a new application requires the same data, it can share
the existing database instead of developing it again.

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5. Reduced development time :
A database organize data more efficiently than a file processing system.
It is easier and faster to develop programs that use this data. Many
database management systems also provide several tools to developed
programs. so it reduces the overall time for developing application.
6. Data Security :
Data security is the protection of the database from unauthorized
access. The database management system provides several procedure
to maintain data security.
It is required to provide different types of access permission to data or
different users

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 7. Improved Backup and Recovery :
One of the most important benefit of database is the backup and recovery.
Means we can get easily the backup of our existence data in the table, if our
computer or other device become failure we can easily restore our existence
database backup with all data.
The modern DBMS provide facilities to minimize the amount of processing
that can be lost due to a failure.

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Disadvantage of Database
1. High cost of DBMS :
A complete database management system is very large and important software
.
It is expensive to purchase database management software.
2. Higher hardware cost :
Database management systems are heavy software's. additional memory and
processing power may be required to run the DBMS.
It required more powerful hardware.

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3. Higher programming cost :
DBMS is a complex software. The programmers need a lot of knowledge of
system to use it.
An organization want to hires/recruitment experience database programmers,
it has to pay extra cost for this person
4. High conversion cost :
The conversion of one system to another system is costly.
Because each system has its own file formats. Different systems has different
formats to saved records.
The structure and data may also have to be modified according to the
requirements of DBMS.

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5. More chance of failure :
In database management system (DBMS) all resources and components are
centralized.
If any of these components fails, the whole systems stops. Because all the
records, data etc. are located in one central device and all other systems are
access data from central device.

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 Any Questions
&
Suggestions

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