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Islamic Emirate Of Afghanistan

Ministry of Higher Education
Takhar University
Educational Faculty

Database Fundamentals

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 Subject : Database Fundamentals
University : Takhar University
Faculty : Educational Faculty
Department : Information Systems
Lecture by : Mohammad Nawid Rahmani
Phone # : 0788140830
E-mail : [email protected]

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 Data
A collection of raw facts and figures is called data.
The word raw means that the facts have not yet been processed to get
their exact meaning.
Data is collected from different sources and collect for different purpose
which is most important and valuable for an organization

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Example of Data :
When students get admission in university, they have to fill out an
admission form consist of raw facts about the students. These raw facts
are students name, father name, phone no, address etc which is
valuable for an organization to maintain the records of students during
their study period in university.

When you go to a hospital so all of information are stored about

patient. Like patient Name , age, address , sickness etc…

Employees salary before processing .

Mathematical operations before processing.

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 Types of Data

Data may be the following types :

Numeric Data : Numeric data consist of numeric digits from 0 to 9 like
20, 500 etc. the numeric type of data may either be positive or negative
Alphabetic data : Alphabetic data consist of alphabetic letters from A
to Z , a to z and blank space. Like “IT Series”, “Computer” etc.
Alphanumeric Data : alphanumeric data consist of numeric digits (0-
9), letters (A-Z) and all special characters like +, %, #, $ etc.

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 Types of Data Continue…

Image Data : this type of data includes charts, graphs, pictures and
drawing. This form of data is more comprehensive. It can be transmitted
as set of bit
Audio Data : sound is a representation of audio. Audio data includes
music or any type of sound.
Video data : video data is a set of full-motion image played at high
speed. Video is used to display action and movements

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Information
Information : information is an organized and processed form of data
is called.
It is more meaningful than data and is used for making decisions.
Data is used as input for the processing and information is the output
of this processing.

Data processing Information

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Deference between Data and Information
No DATA INFORMATION
1 Data is un processed form of The processed form of data.
information.
2 Data is Not meaningful Information is the meaningful.

3 Data is in large size of volume. Information is in less size of volume.

4 Data is stored in file systems. Information is stored in Database.

5 Data is in disorganize form. Information is in organize form.

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 Meta Data

Metadata can be defined as data about data. It is used to describe the

properties and characteristics of some other data. Means it describe the
size, format and other characteristic of data.
Example of Metadata

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 File Processing System
File processing system is the first computer-based method to handle
business application.
Many organization stored data in files on tape or disk.
In file processing system each department in an organization has its
own set of files.
In file processing system the records in one file are not related to the
records in any other file

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Example of file Processing System

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Disadvantage of file processing system
Data Redundancy and inconsistency
Program Data dependency
Limited data sharing
Lengthy development times
Security problems
Program maintenance

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1. Data Redundancy and inconsistency
Redundancy : Redundancy means the duplication of same data in
several files. This redundancy causes higher storage.
Example :
suppose there are two files “student” and “library”. The file student
contain the Roll No, Name, address and other detail of student. The file
library contain the Roll No and name of those student how get the book
from library the data of one student appears in two files. This is called
data Redundancy.

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1. Data Redundancy and inconsistency
Inconsistency : inconsistency means that two files may contain
different data about same person, student and organization etc.
Example :
Suppose that we have two files of student and library. If the address of
student is changed, it must be changed in both files. There is a
possibility that it is changed in the student file and not in library file. The
become inconsistent in this situation.

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2. Program Data dependency
In file processing system programs are developed according to a
particular file format.
If the format of file is changed it needs to bring changed in whole
program. Ex the data in excel program is dependent on excel program if
the format is changed into word so it must be changed in whole program.
3. Limited data sharing
In file processing system each application has its own private files to
use it.
Each user can access their own files and they have a little opportunity to
share data outside of their won application

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4. lengthy development times
In file processing system each new application required that the
developer essentially start from beginning by designing new file formats.
Because in file processing system we can not bring change in our exist
program or file format
If we want to bring some changes in our program we must bring
changes in the whole program and it take a lot time to developed new file
formats.

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5. Security Problems
The biggest problem in file processing system is security
In this type of system we can not apply any type of security on our data.
In some situation it required to provide different types of access to data
for different users.
For example : the data entry operator should only be allowed to enter
data. The manager of an organization should be able to access or delete
the data completely. The operator can not to update the record. Such type
of security option are not available in file processing system.

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6. Program maintenance
The program developed in file processing system are difficult to
maintain.
Most of the budget may be spent on the maintenance of program
which is developed in file processing system.
Because its so difficult to developed new application
Ex : the students related data at university is stored in a file or manual
system. So it is difficult to maintain, if the data is stored in a database
system so it will be easily maintain.

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 Any Questions
&
Suggestions

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