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Module1
 Java’s Lineage
• The syntax of Java comes from C, a structured efficient
high level language that was designed to replace
assembly code for system programming.
• Syntax of Java are derived from ‘C’.
• Many of Java’s Object Oriented features were derived
from C++.
• Object Oriented Programming is intended to
address the problem of complexity through the use of
inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism.

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THE CREATION OF JAVA….
• Java was conceived by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton,
Chris Warth, Ed Frank and Mike Sheridan at Sun
Microsystems in 1991.
• It took 18 months to develop the first working version.
• Initially called as “Oak” and was renamed as “Java” in
1995.
• The primary motivation was the need for a platform –
independent (architectural neutral) language that could
be used to create software to be embedded in various
consumer electronic devices like microwave ovens,
remote controls…..
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JAVA Environment….
• Java Environment includes a large number of
development tools, hundred of classes and methods.
• The development tools are part of the system known as
Java Development Kit (JDK).
• The classes and methods are part of the Java Standard
Library (JSL) also called as Application Programming
Interface (API).
• The Java Development Kit comes with a collection of
tools that are used for developing and running Java
Programs.

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….They Include
• appletviewer – enables us to run Java applets.
• java – Java interpreter which runs applets and applications
by reading and interpreting byte code files.
• javac – The Java compiler, translates Java source code to
byte code files that the interpreter can understand.
• javadoc – Creates HTML format documentation from Java
source code files.
• javah – Produces header files for use with native methods.
• javap – Java disassembler, which enables us to convert
bytecode files into a program description.
• jdb – Java debugger, helps us to find errors in programs.

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Java’s Magic: Bytecode
• A set of instructions designed to be executed by the java
runtime system.
• The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is the execution engine
for Java byte code. The byte code is interpreted and
executed by the JVM.
• JVM must be implemented for each platform, byte code is
platform independent.
• When the JVM interprets the byte code it makes security
checks.

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……
• The JVM can use a Just-in-time compiler to compile
byte code into native code on the fly.
• JIT compiler is a part of the JVM, selected portion of the
byte code are compiled into executable code in real time,
on a piece-by-piece, demand basis.
• JIT compiler compiles code as it is needed during
execution.

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JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

GRNICA 8
Java Buzzwords……….
• Simple – Java syntax is similar to C, Java Object
Oriented concepts are taken from C++, no pointers, and
have Garbage collection.
• Secure – Java programs downloaded from the internet
will not be able to infect a computer with viruses.
• Portable – Java byte code is executable on any platform
that has the JVM ported to it.
• Object Oriented – Java is true O-O language, everything
is object, code and data reside within objects and classes.

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……
• Robust – compile time error checking and runtime error
checking help to eliminate errors before they make their
way into a program. Memory Management and Exception
handling.
• Multi-threaded – Java supports multi-threaded
programming allows you to write programs that do many
thing simultaneously. The Object class has several
facilities built in to support multi-threading.
• Architecture-neutral – Java is designed to be “write once
run anywhere”. This is accomplished because the
execution environment of the programs is the JVM.

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……
• Interpreted and High-performance – Java source code is
compiled into byte code which is interpreted by the JVM.
Just in time compilers compile Java byte code into native
code for high performance.
• Distributed – Java programs handle TCP/IP protocols.
Java also supports distributed programming through
applets, servlets and Remote Method Invocation (RMI).
• Dynamic – Java performs many runtime checks on code
that it is loading. This makes it safe to load code
dynamically. Examples of this are applets.

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Object Oriented Programming…..
• There are two paradigms for a program construction:
Process Oriented Model
• Organizes program around its code(what’s happening)
• This model can be thought of as code acting on data
• Procedural languages, such as C, characterize a series
of linear steps (that is, code).
Object- Oriented Programming
• Aims to manage increasing complexity.
• Organizes a program around its data (that is object)
and a set of well-defined interfaces to that data.
• This program can be characterized as data
controlling access to code.
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Abstraction….
• The essential element of OOP is abstraction & humans
manage complexity through abstraction.
• It is the process of focusing on those features of
something that are essentials for the task at hand and
ignoring those that are not.
• For ex. People do not think of a car as a set of tens of
thousands of individual parts. They think of it as a well
defined object with its own unique behavior.

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……
• The powerful way to manage abstraction is through the
use of hierarchical classifications.
• This allows us to layer the semantic of complex systems,
breaking them into more manageable pieces.
• From the outside, the car is a single object. Once inside,
we see that car consists of several subsystems: steering,
clutch pedal, brakes, sound system, seat belts and so on.
• Each subsystem is made of more specialized units.
• The sound system consists of a radio, CD player, a tape
player.
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 Building Blocks of OOP: Objects
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& Classes 5
• Object: models a
• Real world object (ex. computer, book, box)
• Concept (ex. meeting, interview)
• Process (ex. sorting a stack of papers or
comparing two computers to measure their
performance)

• Class: prototype or blueprint from which objects

are created
 Building Blocks of OOP: Objects & Classes

• Class has
• Set of attributes or properties that describes
every object
• Set of behavior or actions that every object can
perform

• Object has
• Set of data (value for each of its attribute)
• Set of actions that it can perform
• An identity
Real World Example of Objects & Classes
Another Real World Example..
Objects:

 Objects are basic run time entities in Object Oriented

System.
 Object is an instance of a class that holds data

(values) in its variables.

 Data can be accessed by its functions

 It may represent a person, a bank account, a place,

a table of data, vectors, etc.

 Classes:

 A class is a collection of objects of similar type.

 A class is a set of variables (to represent its attributes) and

functions (to describe its behavior) that act on its variables

 The entire set of data and code of an object can be made a user defined

data type with the help of a class.

 Once a class is defined, any number of objects belonging to that class

can be created.
What is OOP?
• Paradigm for problem solving by interaction
among objects
• It follows a natural way of solving problems
The Three Object Oriented Principles……

Encapsulation

Inheritance

Polymorphism

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Encapsulation…..
• Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together the
code and the data it manipulates and keeps both safe from
outside interference and misuse.
• Encapsulation acts as a protective wrapper that prevents
the code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other
code defined outside the wrapper.
• Access to code and data inside the wrapper is tightly
controlled through a well-defined interface.

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Inheritance…...
• The process by which one object acquires the properties
of another object.
• By the use of inheritance, an object need only define
those qualities that make it unique within its class.
• It can inherit its general attributes from its parent.

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Contd…
Polymorphism……
• Polymorphism is a feature that allows one interface to be
used for a general class of actions.
• One might have a program that requires three types of
stacks. One stack is used for integer values, one for
floating-point values and one for character.
• The algorithm that implements each stack is the same,
even though the data being stored differs.

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Contd…

Addition Operation

add(int, add(float, add(string,

int) float) string)
Simple program……
/* the first program.*/
class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“Hello, World!”);
}
}

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Compiling the Example program……

• Compile the program using the java compiler. The

compiler will produce an output file Example.class

To compile the program:

C:\> javac Example.java

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Running the Example program…..
• Run the example program by:
C:\> java Example

• This will run the Example program and generate

Hello, World!
as the output

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A closer look at the Example program…….
• Java supports 3 types of comments
• //  This is a single line comment.
• /* This is a multi-line comment. */
•/** documentation comment*/

• Class Example {
This line states that the lines between the {} pair
defines a class named Example

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……..
public static void main(String args[]) {
• This defines the main method.
• This method will be called by the JVM when the class
Example is specified on the command line.
• This is the starting point for the interpreter to begin the
execution of the program.
• A java application can have any number of classes but
only one of them must include a main method to initiate
the execution.

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………
Public :
• The keyword public is an access specifier that declares
the main method as unprotected and therefore making it
accessible to all other classes.

Static :
• The keyword static declares this method as one that
belongs to the entire class and not a part of any objects
of the class.
• The main must always be declared as static since the
the interpreter uses this method before any objects are
created.
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…..
void :
• The type modifier void states that the main method does
not return any value (but simply prints some text to the
screen).

main :
• main() is the method called when a java application
begins.
• main is different from Main.
• Java compiler also compiles the class that do not contain
main() method.
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…..
String args[]
• Only one parameter in main(), but complicated one.
• String args[] declares a parameters named args, which is
an array of instances of the class String.
• args receive any command-line arguments information,
when the program is executed.

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……
System.out.println(“Hello, World!”);
• This calls the println() method in the System class.
• It is used to output text on the console.
• We can use println() to output text and have a new line
appended or use print() to output text without the new
line.
• The println method is a member of the out object, which
is a static data member of System class.
• The statement ends with a semicolon.

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A second Short Example………
class Example2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int num; // This declares an integer variable
num = 100; // now initialize num to 100
System.out.println(“num = “ + num);
num = num * 2; // multiply num by 2
System.out.println(“Now num = “ + num);
}
}
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 Control Statements
If Statement………..
• if (condition) statement;

Example:
if (num < 100)
System.out.println(“num is less than 100”);

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A few relational operators………
•< Less Than
• > Greater Than
• == (double equal signs) Is Equal to

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if example program….
class IfSample {
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x = 10, y = 20; // declare and initialize x and y
if (x < y)
System.out.println("x is less than y");
if(x == 10)
System.out.println("x is equal to 10");
if ( y < x )
System.out.println(“y is less than x");
if(x == y)
System.out.println("you won't see this");
}
} 42
The for loop……
• Control construct that allows you to perform an action
repeatedly.
• for (initialization ; condition ; iteration)
• The for loop has an initialization portion, a conditional
clause to control how many times the loop iterates and
an iteration clause that gets the loop ready for the next
iteration.

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for example….

class ForDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int count;
for(count = 0; count < 5; count = count+1)
System.out.println("This is count: " + count);
System.out.println("Done!");
}
}

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Using blocks of code…
•Two or more statements to be grouped into blocks of
code or code blocks .
•In places where you can use a single statement a block of
code is treated as a statement.
• Code blocks are enclosed in {} curly braces.

if (w < h)
{
v = w * h;
w = 0;
}
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Lexical Issues…
Whitespace
• Java is a free-form language. This means we do not need
to follow any special indentation rules.
• For ex. A program can be written in a single line.
• Whitespace characters are space, tab or newline.

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Identifiers
• Identifiers are used for class-names, method names and
variables.
• An identifier may be any descriptive sequence of
uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, or the
underscore and dollar-sign characters.
• Identifiers cannot begin with a number.
• Identifiers are case sensitive, so VALUE is different
from Value.
• Valid identifiers : AvgTemp, count, a4, $test….
• Invalid identifiers : 2count, high-temp, Not/ok…
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Literals…
• There are many different types of literals or constants.
• Integer – numbers like 45.
• Floating point – numbers like 98.6
• Character – character literals are represented with
opening and closing single quote characters.
For example: ‘a’ or ‘Z’.
• String – String literals are represented with opening and
closing double quotes.
For example: “This is a String!”

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Comments…
• // indicates a single line comment.
• /* begins a comment that must be terminated with */
• Documentation comments begin with /** and end with */
• Documentation comments are used to insert
documentation into code.
• These comments are then used to produce documentation
by javadoc .

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Separators….
• ( ) – parenthesis, used to enclose parameters for
methods or to define precedence.
• { } – braces, used to contain blocks of code such as
classes, methods and any group of statements that must
act a single unit.
• [ ] – brackets, declare and operate on arrays.
• ; - used to terminate statements.
• , - used to separate identifiers in a variable declaration.
• . – used to separate package names, used to separate a
variable or method name from its class.
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The Java Keywords…..

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Java Class Libraries…
• Java has a wide array of standard classes that are
available for every programmer to use.
• We have already seen the use of the System class.
• The Java class libraries provide facilities for IO, string
handling, networking and graphics.
• The class Libraries save you from having to write base
functionality yourself.

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