ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

OF
THE PRINCIPLES
OF
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDES.

1. SECTIONS OF SOLIDS.
2. DEVELOPMENT.
3. INTERSECTIONS.

STUDY CAREFULLY
THE ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON
NEXT SIX PAGES !
 SECTIONING A SOLID. The action of cutting is called
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by SECTIONING a solid
some imaginary cutting plane &
to understand internal details of that The plane of cutting is called
object. SECTION PLANE.
utting actions means section planes are recommended.

OBSERVER E
AN
PL
tion Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp.
ction ASSUME
UPPER PART
N
T O N FV
.
C I
SE
his is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) REMOVED

OTE:- This section plane appears (A)

as a straight line in FV.

tion Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

his is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
OTE:- This section plane appears (B)
as a straight line in TV.
ember:-
ter launching a section plane ASSUME
LOWER PART
SE
CT
ON
her in FV or TV, the part towards observer REMOVED IN PLA
TV
.
NE
OBSERVER
assumed to be removed.
far as possible the smaller part is
sumed to be removed.
 For TV
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
Fo
IMPORTANT TERMS rT
IN SECTIONING. ru
e Sh
ap
e

SECTION
PLANE

TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION

x y

Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)

SECTIONAL T.V.
Typical Section Planes
&
Typical Shapes
Of
Sections. Section Plane Ellipse
Section PlaneTriangle Through Generators
Through Apex

la
abo
Par
Section Plane Parallel Section Plane Hyperbola
to end generator. Parallel to Axis.

Ellipse Trapezium

Cylinder through Sq. Pyramid through

generators. all slant edges
Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all
the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side
view and true shape of the section.

X1
21 31
o’ o”

41 3”
3’
4” 2”
11
2’ 4’

1’
1”
X b’ d’ Y
a’ 45º c’
d d” a” c” b”
4

1
a o 3
c
2

b
Y1
Q 14.14: A pentagonal pyramid , base 30mm side and axis 60 mm long is lying on one of its triangular faces
on the HP with the axis parallel to the VP. A vertical section plane, whose HT bisects the top view of the axis
and makes an angle of 30º with the reference line, cuts the pyramid removing its top part. Draw the top view,
sectional front view and true shape of the section and development of the surface of the remaining portion of
the pyramid. o’
a’

6’
60

b’e’ 1’

5’ 2’
a’ b’e’ c’d’ o’
X Y
b c’d’ b1 4’ 3’

c c1
2
a1 o1
o 1 3
a
30

4 31’
d1 6 21’

d 5 41’
e e1
11’
51’

61’
Q14.13: A hexagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 65 mm long is resting on its base on
the HP, with two edges of the base parallel to the VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular
to VP and inclined at 45º to the HP, intersecting the axis at a point 25 mm above the base.
Draw the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.

51
41
61
X2
Y1
31 o”
71 o’

11 21

4’ 4”
3’5’ 65 3” 5”
X1
2’6’ 2” 6”
25
1’7’
a’ b’f’ c’e’ d’ b” 1” a” 7” f”
c” d” e”
b c
2
1 3

a 4 d
o
7 5
6 e
f
Y2
Q 14.6: A Hexagonal prism has a face on the H.P. and the axis parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a vertical
section plane the H.T. of which makes an angle of 45 with XY and which cuts the axis at a point 20 mm from
one of its ends. Draw its sectional front view and the true shape of the section. Side of base 25 mm long
height 65mm.
a’ b’ c’
f’ e’ d’

6’ 7’
a’ f’ a’ f’
65

1’
5’
b’ e’ b’ e’
2’

X b’ c’
c’d’ c’d’ Y
a’ 4’ 3’
f’ e’ d’
b b1 b1
1 2
a c 37
a1 c1 a1 c1

Y1
25

4 6
f1 d1 f1 d1
f d 20 31’ 21’
e1 e1
e 11’
5
41’

71’

X1
51’
61’
Q 14.24: A Cone base 75 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45º to the H.P. and cutting the axis at a point 35 mm from
the apex. Draw the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.

X1

1
1

h
i

1
g
j1

f1
o’ o”
1
k

1
e
l1

1
d

35
g”
g’ f” h”
1
c

f’
e’ h’ i”
1
a

e”
1
b

i’
d’
j’ d” j”
c’ c” k”
k’

b’ b” l”
a’ l’
a”

X 2 3 4 5 6
7 6” 7” 8” 9”10”
Y
1 12 11 10 9 8 4” 5”
3” 2” 1” 12” 11”
4
3 5
2 c
d
6
b e
f
a o g
1 7
h

l i
12 k j 8

11 9
10 Y1
Q 14.24: A cylinder 55 mm diameter and 65 mm long, has its axis parallel to both the HP and the VP. It is cut
by a vertical section plane inclined at 30º to the VP so that axis is cut at a point 25 mm from one of its ends
and boyh the bases of cylinder are partly cut. Draw its sectional front view and true shape of the section.

2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’
1’ 12’ 11’ 10’ 9’ 8’ 7’
p2’ p1’ p12’
1’
2’ 12’
3’ 11’

4’ 10’

5’ 9’
6’ 8’
X p6’ p7’
p8’
7’
Y
4
3 5 4
3,5
2 6 2,6

1 7 1,7
25
12 8 8,12
9,11
11 9 10
10