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Lecture 4-QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

The document provides a comprehensive guide on solving quadratic equations, including methods such as factoring, taking square roots, completing the square, and using the quadratic formula. It includes multiple examples to illustrate each method and emphasizes the importance of identifying the coefficients a, b, and c in the standard form ax² + bx + c = 0. Additionally, it highlights the Principle of Zero Products and the concept of repeated roots.

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Rehmah Atugonza
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29 views28 pages

Lecture 4-QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

The document provides a comprehensive guide on solving quadratic equations, including methods such as factoring, taking square roots, completing the square, and using the quadratic formula. It includes multiple examples to illustrate each method and emphasizes the importance of identifying the coefficients a, b, and c in the standard form ax² + bx + c = 0. Additionally, it highlights the Principle of Zero Products and the concept of repeated roots.

Uploaded by

Rehmah Atugonza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

01/28/2025 1
Basics
 A quadratic equation is an equation
equivalent to an equation of the type
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a is nonzero
 We can solve a quadratic equation by
factoring and using The Principle of Zero
Products
If ab = 0, then either a = 0, b = 0, or both
a and b = 0.
Ex: Solve (4t + 1)(3t – 5) = 0
Notice the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
 set each factor equal to 0 and solve
4t + 1 = 0 Subtract 1
4t = – 1 Divide by 4
t=–¼
3t – 5 = 0 Add 5
3t = 5 Divide by 3
t = 5/3
Solution: t = - ¼ and 5/3  t = {- ¼, 5/3}
Ex: Solve x2 + 7x + 6 = 0
Quadratic equation  factor the left hand side (LHS)
x2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 6 )(x + 1 )
 x2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 6)(x + 1) = 0

Now the equation as given is of the form ab = 0


 set each factor equal to 0 and solve
x+6=0 x+1=0
x=–6 x=–1
Solution: x = - 6 and – 1  x = {-6, -1}
Ex: Solve x2 + 10x = – 25
Quadratic equation but not of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Add 25  x2 + 10x + 25 = 0
Quadratic equation  factor the left hand side (LHS)
x2 + 10x + 25 = (x + 5 )(x + 5 )
 x2 + 10x + 25 = (x + 5)(x + 5) = 0
Now the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
 set each factor equal to 0 and solve
x+5=0 x+5=0
x=–5 x=–5
Solution: x = - 5  x = {- 5}  repeated root
Ex: Solve 12y2 – 5y = 2
Quadratic equation but not of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Subtract 2  12y2 – 5y – 2 = 0
Quadratic equation  factor the left hand side (LHS)
ac method  a = 12 and c = – 2
ac = (12)(-2) = - 24  factors of – 24 that sum to - 5
1&-24, 2&-12, 3&-8, . . . 
 12y2 – 5y – 2 = 12y2 + 3y – 8y – 2
= 3y(4y + 1) – 2(4y + 1)
= (3y – 2)(4y + 1)
 12y2 – 5y – 2 = 0
 12y2 – 5y – 2 = (3y - 2)(4y + 1) = 0
Now the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
 set each factor equal to 0 and solve
3y – 2 = 0 4y + 1 = 0
3y = 2 4y = – 1
y = 2/3 y=–¼

Solution: y = 2/3 and – ¼  y = {2/3, - ¼ }


Ex: Solve 5x2 = 6x
Quadratic equation but not of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Subtract 6x  5x2 – 6x = 0
Quadratic equation  factor the left hand side (LHS)
5x2 – 6x = x( 5x – 6 )
 5x2 – 6x = x(5x – 6) = 0
Now the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
 set each factor equal to 0 and solve
5x – 6 = 0
x=0
5x = 6
x = 6/5
Solution: x = 0 and 6/5  x = {0, 6/5}
Solving by taking square roots
 An alternate method of solving a
quadratic equation is using the Principle
of Taking the Square Root of Each Side of
an Equation
If x2 = a, then
x=+ a
Ex: Solve by taking square roots 3x 2 – 36 = 0
First, isolate x2: 3x2 – 36 = 0
3x2 = 36
x2 = 12
Now take the square root of both sides:
x  12
2

x  12
x  2 2 3
x 2 3
Ex: Solve by taking square roots 4(z – 3) 2 = 100
First, isolate the squared factor:
4(z – 3)2 = 100
(z – 3)2 = 25
Now take the square root of both sides:
(z  3)  25
2

z  3  25
z–3=+5
z=3+5
 z = 3 + 5 = 8 and z = 3 – 5 = – 2
Ex: Solve by taking square roots 5(x + 5) 2 – 75 = 0
First, isolate the squared factor:
5(x + 5)2 = 75
(x + 5)2 = 15
Now take the square root of both sides:
2
( x  5 )  15
x  5  15
x  5  15
x  5  15 , x  5  15
Completing the Square
 Recall from factoring that a Perfect-Square
Trinomial is the square of a binomial:
Perfect square Trinomial Binomial Square
x2 + 8x + 16 (x + 4)2
x2 – 6x + 9 (x – 3)2
 The square of half of the coefficient of x
equals the constant term:
( ½ * 8 )2 = 16
[½ (-6)]2 = 9
Completing the Square
 Write the equation in the form x2 + bx =
c
 Add to each side of the equation [½(b)]2
 Factor the perfect-square trinomial
x2 + bx + [½(b)] 2 = c + [½(b)]2
 Take the square root of both sides of the
equation
 Solve for x
Ex: Solve w2 + 6w + 4 = 0 by completing the square

First, rewrite the equation with the constant on one


side of the equals and a lead coefficient of 1.
w2 + 6
6w = – 4
Add [½(b)]2 to both sides: b = 6  [½(6)]2 = 32 = 9
w2 + 6w + 9 = – 4 + 9
w2 + 6w + 9 = 5
(w + 3)2 = 5
Now take the square root of both sides
( w  3)  5
2

w  3  5
w  3  5
w { 3  5, 3  5}
Ex: Solve 2r2 = 3 – 5r by completing the square

First, rewrite the equation with the constant on one


side of the equals and a lead coefficient of 1.
2r2 + 5r = 3  r2 + (5/2)r
(5/2) = (3/2)
Add [½(b)]2 to both sides: b = 5/2 [½(5/2)]2 = (5/4)2

r2 + (5/2)r + 25/16 = (3/2) + 25/16


= 25/16
r2 + (5/2)r + 25/16 = 24/16 + 25/16
(r + 5/4)2 = 49/16
Now take the square root of both sides
(r  5 / 4)  49 / 16
2

r  5 / 4 (7 / 4)
r  (5 / 4) (7 / 4)
r = - (5/4) + (7/4) = 2/4 = ½
and r = - (5/4) - (7/4) = -12/4 = - 3
r = { ½ , - 3}
Ex: Solve 3p – 5 = (p – 1)(p – 2)

Is this a quadratic equation? FOIL the RHS


3p – 5 = p2 – 2p – p + 2
3p – 5 = p2 – 3p + 2 Collect all terms
p2 – 6p + 7 = 0 A-ha . . .
Quadratic Equation  complete the square
p2 – 6p = – 7  [½(-6)]2 = (-3)2 = 9
p2 – 6p + 9 = – 7 + 9
(p – 3)2 = 2
(p  3)  2
2

p  3  2
p 3  2
p {3  2,3  2}
The Quadratic Formula
 Consider a quadratic equation of the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0 for a nonzero
 Completing the square

ax  bx  c
2

b c
x  x
2

a a
b b c 2
b 2

x  x
2
 
a 4a a 4a 2 2
The Quadratic Formula
b b 4ac 2
b 2

x  x 2
 
a 4a 4a 4a 2 2 2

b  b  4ac
2


2

 x  
 2a  4a 2

Solutions to ax2 + bx + c = 0 for a nonzero


are
 b  b  4ac
2

x
2a
01/28/2025 22
Ex: Use the Quadratic Formula to solve1x 2 + 7x
7 +6=0

Recall: For quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,


the solutions to a quadratic equation are given by
 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
Identify a, b, and c in ax2 + bx + c = 0:

a=1 b= 7 c= 6
Now evaluate the quadratic formula at the identified
values of a, b, and c
 7  7 2  4(1)(6)
x
2(1)
 7  49  24
x
2
 7  25
x
2
 7 5
x
2

x = ( - 7 + 5)/2 = - 1 and x = (-7 – 5)/2 = - 6


x = { - 1, - 6 }

01/28/2025 24
Ex: Use the Quadratic Formula to solve
22m2 + 1m – 10 = 0
Recall: For quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
the solutions to a quadratic equation are given by
 b  b 2  4ac
m
2a
Identify a, b, and c in am2 + bm + c = 0:

a=2 b= 1 c = - 10
Now evaluate the quadratic formula at the identified
values of a, b, and c
 1  12  4(2)(  10)
m
2( 2)
 1  1  80
m
4
 1  81
m
4
 1 9
m
4

m = ( - 1 + 9)/4 = 2 and m = (-1 – 9)/4 = - 5/2


m = { 2, - 5/2 }

01/28/2025 26
Any questions . . .

Check the link for more details


math.tutorvista.com/algebra/quadratic-equation.html

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