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AND
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Amal K Jose
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer
Applications
Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally
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Syllab
us
Physical and virtual machines, Traditional and virtual computing,
Understanding virtualization, Need and Applications of
virtualization, Limitations, Simulations and Emulations,
Challenges in Virtualized environment, tools and technologies in
virtualized environments. Types of Hypervisors, Hypervisor
architecture
⮚ Physical and virtual machines ⮚ Challenges in Virtualized env.
⮚ Traditional and virtual computing
⮚ Tools and technologies
⮚ Understanding virtualization ⮚ Types of Hypervisors
⮚ Need, Applications and ⮚ Hypervisor architecture
Limitations
⮚ Simulations and Emulations
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⮚ In computing, virtualization is the act of creating a virtual

version of something, including virtual computer hardware
platforms, storage devices, and computer network resources.

⮚ Software executed on virtual machines is separated from the

underlying hardware resources.

⮚ Example:- A computer that is running Microsoft Windows may

host a virtual machine that looks like a computer with the
Ubuntu Linux operating system.
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⮚ Over the last 50 years, certain key trends created fundamental

changes in how computing services are provided.

⮚ Mainframe processing drove the sixties and seventies.

⮚ Personal computers, the digitization of the physical desktop,

and client/server technology headlined the eighties and
nineties.

⮚ The Internet, boom and bubble, spanned the last and current
centuries and continues today.

⮚ We are, though, in the midst of another of those model-

changing trends: virtualization
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⮚ Virtualization is a disruptive technology, shattering the status

quo of how physical computers are handled, services are
delivered, and budgets are allocated.

⮚ Virtualization in computing often refers to the abstraction of

some physical component into a logical object.

⮚ A virtual machine (VM) can virtualize all of the hardware

resources, such as processors, memory, storage, and network
connectivity.

⮚ A virtual machine monitor (VMM), which today is commonly

called a hypervisor, is the software that provides the
environment in which the VMs operate. – VMware (Dell), Hyper-
V (Microsoft)
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Virtual Virtual Virtual

Machine Machine Machine

Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS

Virtual Machine Monitor (Hypervisor)

Physical Server (Host)

Basic virtual machine monitor

(VMM)
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Physical Machine
⮚ A physical server refers to a hardware server with the
motherboard, CPU, memory and IO-controllers.

⮚ It's considered a bare-metal server because its hardware is

used directly by an OS instead of a virtualization platform.

⮚ A physical server is used to run a single instance of an OS.

⮚ It runs Windows, Linux or another OS and, very often, it's

used to run a single application.
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⮚ A physical server, also known as a ‘bare-metal server,’ is a

single-tenant computer server, meaning that a specific
physical server is designated to a single user.

⮚ The resources and components of a physical server are not

shared between multiple users.

⮚ Each physical server includes memory, processor, network

connection, hard drive, and an operating system (OS) for
running programs and applications.

⮚ A bare-metal server is large in size due to the powerful

processing components that it contains.
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Virtual Machine
⮚ A virtual machine (VM) is a software computer used as
emulation of an actual physical computer.

⮚ A virtual server operates in a “multi-tenant” environment,

meaning that multiple VMs run on the same physical
hardware.

⮚ In this case, the computing resources of a physical server are

virtualized and shared among all VMs running on it.

⮚ The architecture of a virtual server is a little more complex

than that of a physical server.
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⮚ A hypervisor, such as VMware vSphere or Microsoft Hyper-V,

is installed on top of physical hardware.

⮚ A hypervisor is then used to create and manage VMs, which

have their own virtual computing resources.

⮚ After that, you can load multiple guest OSes and server
applications on top of the virtual hardware.

⮚ Thus, virtual servers allow you to run several OSes and

applications on the basis of the shared physical hardware,
which makes it a more cost-effective option than a physical
server
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Physical Machine Virtual Machine

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Traditional Computing

⮚ A possess of using physical data centers for storing digital

assets and running complete networking system for daily
operations. In this, access to data, or software, or storage by
users is limited to device or official network they are
connected with.

Virtualization

⮚ Uses software to create an abstraction layer over computer

hardware that allows the hardware elements of a single
computer—processors, memory, storage and more—to be
divided into multiple virtual computers, commonly called
virtual machines (VMs)
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Traditional Virtual Architecture

Architecture
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⮚ One of the big drivers for virtualization adoption was server

consolidation. Where originally 10 or 15 servers were needed,
a single physical server could run 10 or 15 VMs. This is still
one of the main advantages of virtualization and
consolidation ratios have increased over the years.

⮚ Another benefit of virtualization is that relocating a VM to

different hardware, performing a restore or DR and failover is
much simpler. When VMware introduced vMotion technology
to live-migrate workloads to another hardware platform, the
benefits increased even more. Admins can replace hardware
without service interruption and balance workloads on all
available hardware, eliminating bottlenecks.
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⮚ According to Popek and Goldberg, a VMM needs to exhibit

three properties in order to correctly satisfy their definition:

✔ Fidelity:
The environment it creates for the VM is essentially
identical to the original (hardware) physical machine.
✔ Isolation or Safety:
The VMM must have complete control of the system
resources.
✔ Performance:
There should be little or no difference in
performance between the VM and a physical
equivalent.

⮚ Most VMMs have the first two properties, VMMs that also
meet the final criterion are considered efficient VMMs
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⮚ Desktop Virtualization ⮚ Network Virtualization

⮚ Application Virtualization
⮚ Storage Virtualization
⮚ Server Virtualization ⮚ Data Virtualization

Single-Tenant Virtualization
⮚ Only one tenant using the resources.
⮚ Runs directly on the physical server.
⮚ Full hardware access and Higher performance
⮚ Easy to make new virtual machine from an image within
minutes.
Multi-Tenant Virtualization
⮚ Host several virtual machines in a single physical machine
⮚ sharing the physical resources of the host.
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Desktop virtualization
⮚ The host server can run virtual machines using a hypervisor
(a software program).
⮚ A hypervisor can directly be installed on the host machine or
over the operating system (like Windows, Mac, and Linux).
⮚ Virtualized desktops don’t use the host system’s hard drive;
instead, they run on a remote central server.
⮚ Useful for development and testing teams who need to
develop or test applications on different operating systems.
⮚ Two types :
⮚ Virtual Desktop Infrastructure(VDI)
⮚ Local Desktop Virtualization.
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• Application virtualization
⮚ The process of installing an application on a central server
(single computer system) that can virtually be operated on
multiple systems is known as application virtualization.
⮚ For end users, the virtualized application works exactly like a
native application installed on a physical machine.
⮚ With application virtualization, it’s easier for organizations to
update, maintain, and fix applications centrally.
⮚ Admins can control and modify access permissions to the
application without logging in to the user’s desktop.
⮚ Another benefit of application virtualization is portability. It
allows users to access virtualized applications even on non-
Windows devices, such as iOS or Android.
⮚ This helps save user’s time invested in application
installations and load operations
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Server Virtualization
⮚ Server virtualization is a process of partitioning the resources
of a single server into multiple virtual servers.
⮚ These virtual servers can run as separate machines.
⮚ Server virtualization allows businesses to run multiple
independent OS (guests or virtual) all with different
configurations using a single (host) server.
⮚ The process also saves the hardware cost involved in keeping
a host of physical servers, so businesses can make their
server infrastructure more streamlined.
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Network Virtualization
⮚ Network virtualization helps manage and monitor the entire
computer network as a single administrative entity.
⮚ Admins can keep a track of various elements of network
infrastructure such as routers and switches from a single
software-based administrator’s console.
⮚ Network virtualization helps network optimization for data
transfer rates, flexibility, reliability, security, and scalability.
⮚ It improves the overall network’s productivity and efficiency.
It becomes easier for administrators to allocate and distribute
resources conveniently and ensure high and stable network
performance
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Storage Virtualization
⮚ Storage virtualization is the process of pooling physical
storage of multiple network storage devices, so it looks like a
single storage device.
⮚ It facilitates archiving, easy backup, and recovery tasks.
⮚ It helps administrators allocate, move, change and setup
resources efficiently across the organizational infrastructure.
Data virtualization
⮚ An approach to data management that allows an application
to retrieve and manipulate data without requiring technical
details about the data, such as how it is formatted at source,
or where it is physically located, and can provide a single
customer view of the overall data.
⮚ Data Virtualization Tools integrate data from heterogeneous
data sources, instead of extracting and loading them directly
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⮚ Lower costs.
Virtualization reduces the amount of hardware servers
necessary within a company and data center. This lowers the
overall cost of buying and maintaining large amounts of
hardware.
⮚ Easier disaster recovery.
Disaster recovery is very simple in a virtualized environment.
Regular snapshots provide up-to-date data, allowing virtual
machines to be feasibly backed up and recovered. Even in an
emergency, a virtual machine can be migrated to a new
location within minutes.
⮚ Easier testing.
Testing is less complicated in a virtual environment. Even if a
large mistake is made, the test does not need to stop and go
back to the beginning. It can simply return to the previous
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⮚ Quicker backups.
Backups can be taken of both the virtual server and the
virtual machine. Automatic snapshots are taken throughout
the day to guarantee that all data is up-to-date.
Furthermore, the virtual machines can be easily migrated
between each other and efficiently redeployed.
⮚ Improved productivity.
Fewer physical resources results in less time spent managing
and maintaining the servers. Tasks that can take days or
weeks in a physical environment can be done in minutes.
This allows staff members to spend the majority of their time
on more
productive tasks, such as raising revenue and fostering
business initiatives.
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Virtualization provides companies with the benefit of

maximizing their output. Additional benefit for both businesses
and data centers include the following:
 Single-minded servers.
Virtualization provides a cost-effective way to separate
email, database and web servers, creating a more
comprehensive and dependable system.
 Expedited deployment and redeployment.
When a physical server crashes, the backup server may not
always be ready or up-to-date. There also may not be an
image or clone of the server available. If this is the case,
then the redeployment process can be time consuming and
tedious. However, if the data center is virtualized, then the
process is quick and simple. Virtual backup tools, such as
Veeam, are available to expedite the process to minutes.
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 Reduced heat and improved energy savings.

Companies that use a lot of hardware servers risk
overheating their physical resources. The best way to
prevent this from happening is to decrease the number of
servers used for data management, and the best way to do
this is through virtualization.
 Better for the environment.
Companies and data centers that utilize copious amounts of
hardware leave a large carbon footprint; they must take
responsibility for the pollution they are generating.
Virtualization can help reduce these effects by significantly
decreasing the necessary amounts of cooling and power,
thus helping clean the air and the atmosphere. As a result,
companies and data centers that virtualize will improve their
reputation while also enhancing the quality of their
relationship with customers and the planet
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 Easier migration to the cloud

Virtualization brings companies closer to experiencing a
completely cloud-based environment. Virtual machines may
even be deployed from the data center in order to build a
cloud-based infrastructure. The ability to embrace a cloud-
based mindset with virtualization makes migrating to the
cloud even easier.
 Lack of vendor dependency.
Virtual machines are depending on hardware configuration.
As a result, virtualizing hardware and software means that a
company does not need to depend on a vendor for these
physical resources.
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 Upfront Costs
The necessary investment in virtualization software, as well as
hardware that might be required to make the virtualization
possible, can be costly.
 Initial renewal budget
If the existing infrastructure is more than five years old, an
initial renewal budget will have to be considered. Fortunately,
many businesses have the capacity to accommodate
virtualization without spending large amounts of cash. Can be
reduced by collaborating with managed service providers with
monthly leasing or purchase options.
 Software licensing
We are also need to consider software licensing when creating
a virtualized environment. Companies must ensure that they
have a clear understanding of how their vendors view software.
This is overcome by more software providers adapt to the
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 Security Risks
Data is crucial to the success of a business and, therefore, is a
common target for attacks. The chances of experiencing a data
breach significantly increase while using virtualization.
 Time consuming
Converting to virtualization takes time and may come with a
learning curve. Implementing and controlling demands each
member to be trained and expertise in virtualization.
 Implementation challenges
Some applications do not adapt well when brought into a
virtual environment. We need to be prepared to face these
challenge and should address them prior to converting.
 Users lose control
Users lose control of what they can do because there are
several links that must collaborate to perform the same task. If
any part is not working, then the entire operation will fail.
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 The most important function of virtualization is the capability

of running multiple operating systems and applications on a
single computer or server.
 Virtualization can usually improve overall application
performance due to technology that can balance resources
and provide only what the user needs.
 VMs allow for reduced overhead, with multiple systems
operating from the same console at the same time. VMs also
provide a safety net for your data, as they can be used to
enable rapid disaster recovery and automatic backups
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 Server Consolidation
 Virtual machines are used to consolidate many physical
servers into fewer servers.
 Each physical server is reflected as a virtual machine “guest”.
They reside on a virtual machine host system.
 This is also known as “Physical-to-Virtual” or ‘P2V’
transformation.

 Disaster Recovery
 Virtual machines can be used as “hot standby” environments
for physical production servers.
 Virtual storage can be replicated and transferred to another
location.
 Virtualization is very useful in planning for disaster recovery.
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 Testing and Training

 Virtualization can give root access to a virtual machine.
 This can be very useful such as in kernel development and
operating system courses.
 Portable Workspaces
 Recent technologies have used virtualization to create
portable workspaces on devices like iPods and USB memory
sticks.
 Portable Applications
 Portable applications are needed when running an application
from a removable drive, without installing it on the system’s
main disk drive.
 Virtualization can be used to store temporary files, windows
registry entries and other information in the application’s
installation directory and not within the system’s permanent
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 The terms simulation and emulation are used

interchangeably. But there is a distinct difference between
emulators vs simulators. Both mimic the real thing in a
virtual environment. However, the differences between
emulation vs. simulation are quite big when it comes to
mobile automation.
 Simulation vs. Emulation
A simulator creates an environment that mimics the behavior
and configurations of a real device. On the other hand, an
emulator duplicates all the hardware and software features of
a real device.

Simulation => For analysis and study

Emulation => For usage as a substitute

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Simulators
 A simulator mimics the basic behavior of a device.
 Simulators mean you're copying things from the real world
into a virtual environment to give an idea about how that
thing would work. It simulates the basic behavior but doesn’t
necessarily follow all the rules of the real environment.
 A simulator in mobile testing is also a virtual device. It allows
you to test your app by simulating behavior of a real device.

 Flight Simulators : Purpose of a flight simulator is to help the

pilot to achieve, test and maintain proficiency in handling
airplane operation without involving any risk to property or
lives, and at a much lower cost than training in the air
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Emulators
 An emulator duplicates the thing exactly as it exists in real
life.
 Emulation means basically a complete imitation of the real
thing. It just operates in a virtual environment instead of the
real world.
 An emulator in mobile testing is a virtual device. It allows
you to test your app by emulating a real device. A device
emulator mimics the hardware or OS of the device.

 Android Emulator : A software application that allows your

mobile to imitate Android OS features into your PC.
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Simulator-based testing Emulator based testing

Simulator's objective is to simulate The emulator aims at emulating or
the internal state of an object as mimicking as close as possible the
close as possible to the internal outer behavior of an object
state of an object.
Simulators are preferable whenever Emulators are preferable whenever
the testing team needs to test the the testing team needs to test the
mobile's internal behavior like its mobile's external behavior like
internal hardware, firmware, and so calculating, making transactions,
forth. and so forth.
Simulators are written in high-level Emulators are written in machine-
languages. level assembly languages.
The simulators can be difficult in Emulators are more suitable when it
terms of debugging purpose. comes to debugging purpose
A simulator is just a partial re- An emulator comes as a complete
implementation of the original re-implementation of the original
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Virtualization - the use of software to emulate the functionality

of hardware for servers, networks and data storage - has
become the prevalent way for businesses to operate in today's
corporate culture.

There are many advantages to virtualization, including cost

savings, fast and easy scalability, and often less downtime and
better functionality than traditional hardware-based systems.

Virtualization management does create some challenges that

businesses
must address, however.
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 Resource Distribution
The way virtualization partitions systems can result in varied
ways - some might function well, and others might not provide
users access to enough resources to meet their needs.
Resource distribution problems often occur in the shift to
virtualization and can be fixed by working on capacity planning
with your service provider.

 VM Sprawl
The ability to create as many virtual machines as you want can
lead to more VMs than are needed for the company to function.
VM sprawl may seem harmless, but it can exacerbate resource
distribution problems by diverting resources to VMs that aren't
even being used while those that are used and needed see
reduced functioning. Companies can avoid VM spawl by sticking
to the number of VMs that are needed and adding more when
the time comes.
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 Backward Compatibility
Many companies use legacy systems that can cause problems
with newer virtualized software and programs. Compatibility
issues can be time-consuming and difficult to resolve, but
vendors may be aware of these difficulties and be able to
suggest upgrades or workarounds to make sure everything
functions the way it should.

 Performance Monitoring
Virtualized systems don't lend themselves to the same kind of
performance monitoring as hardware like mainframes and hard
drives do. New tools like VM-Mark can create benchmarks that
measure performance on virtual networks and make it possible
to monitor performance and resource usage.
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 Backup
In a virtualized environment, there is no actual hard drive on which
data and systems can be backed up. This means frequent software
updates can make it difficult to access backup at times. Software
programs like Windows Server Backup tools can make this process
easier and allow backups to be stored in one place for easier
tracking and access.
 Security
Virtual systems could be vulnerable when users don’t keep them
secure and apply best practices for passwords or downloads. The
isolation of each VM by the system can mitigate security risks and
prevent systems from getting breached or compromised.
 Licensing Compliance
Using existing licensed software in a virtual environment can lead
to compliance issues if more VMs are created than the company is
licensed to use the software on. It's important to keep track of how
licensed software is being used and to be sure compliance is
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1. VirtualBox
Oracle VM VirtualBox is cross-platform virtualization software. It
allows users to extend their existing computer to run multiple
operating systems including Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux,
and Oracle Solaris, at the same time.
While VirtualBox itself is free to use and is distributed under an
open-source license the VirtualBox Extension Pack is licensed under
the VirtualBox Personal Use and Evaluation License (PUEL). Personal
use is free but commercial users need to purchase a license.
Features
 Snapshots of the RAM and storage allows reverting to a
prior state.
 Screenshots and screen video capture facility.
 Shared clipboard & shared folders through "guest additions"
software
 Ability to specify amount of shared RAM, video memory, and
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2. Microsoft Hyper-V
Microsoft released Hyper-V in 2016. Hyper-V is virtualization
software that, well, virtualizes software. It can not only virtualize
operating systems but also entire hardware components, such as
hard drives and network switches.
Unlike other virtualization tools, Hyper-V is not limited to the user’s
device. You can use it for server virtualization, too.
Features
 Hardware virtualization.
 It can run multiple virtual machines.
 These virtual machines can be used with Azure. Thus, we
can say that Microsoft Hyper-V supports a cloud-based
platform
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3. Vagrant
Vagrant is an open-source virtualization tool which developed by
Hashicorp and written in Ruby, but it can be used in projects written
in other programming languages such as PHP, Python, Java, C#, and
JavaScript.
This tool which works on command-line that provides a framework
and configuration format for creating, managing and distributing
virtualized development environments.
Features
 Creates virtual machine based on an operating system of
your choice.
 Modifies the physical properties of this virtual machine (e.g.,
RAM, number of CPUs etc.)
 Establishes network interfaces so that you can access your
virtual machine from your own computer, another device on
the same network, or even from another virtual machine.
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4. Red Hat Virtualization

This system was developed by Red Hat Software. It is written in
Java. Its first version was released in June 2010. Red Hat Enterprise
Virtualization, or RHEV, provides a RHEL-based centralized
management server with a web-based interface for managing virtual
machines (VMs) called the RHEV Manager.
Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization is based on open standards and
works with Linux and Windows, as well as enterprise applications
like SAP and Oracle.
Features
 Applications run fast in virtualization as well. Hence in the
top features, they promise improved performance.
 It is an open-source system. So, we can make it, to integrate
with the systems as per your requirement.
 It is easy to setup, use and manage.
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5. VMware Workstation
With the help of this system, you can run multiple OS. This system is
for Linux or Windows OS users.
This system is specially developed for IT professionals and
developers. It will help developers to develop the software to be
compatible for multiple OS/platform.
Features
 It supports multiple OS that can be run on Linux or Windows
PC.
 This system can work with the cloud - vSphere Connectivity
(VMware vSphere is a cloud-based platform for
virtualization).
 It will allow you to keep different privacy settings and
network configurations for another PC that is virtual.
 Transferring data to and from the virtual machine to your PC
is easier.
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6. VMware Fusion
VMware Fusion is an easy-to-use application that gives you the
possibility to set up and use a virtual machine of the Windows
operating system on your Intel-based Mac.
VMware Fusion gives Mac users the power to run Windows on Mac
along with hundreds of other operating systems side by side with
Mac applications, without rebooting. Fusion is simple enough for
home users and powerful enough for IT professionals, developers
and businesses.
Features
 It provides solutions for IT professionals, developers, and
businesses.
 You can use multiple applications on different OS at the
same time. There will be no need to reboot.
 Fusion Pro provides facility to integrate with many
development tools.
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1. Hardware Virtualization
 Hardware virtualization is done by abstracting the physical
hardware part by using VMM (virtual machine monitor) or
hypervisor. Hypervisor relies on command set extensions in the
processors to accelerate common virtualization tasks for
improving the performance.
 It provides a significant performance gain over software
virtualization by running some guest code directly on the host
hardware with limited or none assistance from the host system
 The hypervisor software does the task of managing the shared
physical hardware resources between the guest operating system
and the host operating system. The hardware that is abstracted is
indicated as actual hardware.
 The main task that is performed by the hypervisor is to process
monitoring, memory, and hardware controlling. When hardware
virtualization is done, different operating systems can be
installed, and different applications can run on it.
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Types of Hardware Virtualization

 Full virtualization
In full virtualization, the hardware architecture is completely
simulated. Guest software doesn’t require any change to run
applications.
 Emulation virtualization
In this, the virtual machine simulates the hardware, and the
guest operating system does not require any hardware.
 Para-virtualization
In Para-virtualization, the hardware is not simulated; rather
the guest software runs its isolated system.
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Advantages of Hardware Virtualization

 Efficient resource virtualization

In hardware virtualization, physical resources can be shared
among virtual machines. In this, if there is needed for unused
resources allocated by one virtual machine can be used by
another virtual machine.
 Increase IT flexibility
By using virtualization, the fast development of hardware
resources became possible.
 Low cost
Due to server consolidation, the cost is low, and multiple
operating systems can exist in a single hardware.
 Advanced hardware virtualization features
With the advancement of modern hypervisor, more difficult
operations maximize the abstraction of hardware and ensure
maximum
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1. Software Virtualization
 Software virtualization is also called application virtualization.
Software virtualization is the same as virtualization but can
abstract the software installation procedure and create virtual
software installations.
 Examples: VMware software, virtual box, etc.
 Most of the applications and their distributions became difficult
tasks for IT firms and departments. The mechanism for installing
an application varies. So, to solve this type of problem, virtualized
software is introduced, which is an application that will be
installed into its self-contained unit and provide software
virtualization.
 The host system needs to completely emulate guest's platform.
The advantage is that host and guest platforms are
independent. The disadvantage is that this approach is very
slow and resource consuming (since we have to emulate
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Advantages of Software Virtualization

 Client deployment became easier

We can easily install virtual software by copying a file to a
workstation or linking a file in a network.
 Easy to manage
Software virtualization is easy to maintain. You only need to
update at one place and deploy the virtual update application to
all cloud.
 Software migration
Without software virtualization, moving from one software
platform to another platform takes more time for deploying and
impact on an end-user system with the support of virtualized
software environment support the– migration became easier.
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 The first virtualization was performed on IBM mainframes. The

code that was developed solved a particular issue by managing
available memory resources more effectively, and that code is an
ancestor to the much more sophisticated descendants we rely on
today.
 The first virtual machine monitors were used for the
development and debugging of operating systems because they
provided a sandbox for programmers to test rapidly and
repeatedly, without using all of the resources of the hardware.
Soon they added the ability to run multiple environments
concurrently, carving the hardware resources into virtual servers
that could each run their own operating system. This model is
what evolved into today’s hypervisors.
 Without a hypervisor, an operating system communicates directly
with the hardware. Disk operations go directly to the disk
subsystem, and memory calls are fetched directly from the
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 The structure of a VMM is simple. It consists of a layer of

software that lives between the hardware, or host, and the
virtual machines that it supports. These virtual machines, or VMs
are also called guests. Figure below is a simple illustration of the
virtual machine monitor architecture.
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 At the highest level, a hypervisor is an arbiter of resources. It is

software that sits between the physical resources on a physical
server and the virtual machines that run on that server.
 In addition to resource allocation, hypervisors provide a virtual
environment for those workloads, enable virtual networks for
communication between workloads and to the outside world, and
offer various forms of clustering for high availability.
 The original virtual machine monitor (VMM) was created to solve
a specific problem. However, VMMs have evolved into something
quite different, so much so that the term virtual machine
manager has fallen out of favor and has been replaced with the
term hypervisor.
 Today’s hypervisors allow us to make better use of the ever-
faster processors that regularly appear in the commercial market
and to more efficiently use the larger and denser memory
offerings that come along with those newer processors.
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 There are two types of hypervisors: Type 1 and Type 2

hypervisors.
 Both hypervisor varieties can virtualize common elements such
as CPU, memory and networking, but based on its location in the
stack, the hypervisor virtualizes these elements differently.
 Type 1 hypervisors
 A Type 1 hypervisor runs directly on the host machine's
physical hardware, and it's referred to as a bare-metal
hypervisor. It doesn't have to load an underlying OS and have
a direct access to the underlying hardware. So, type 1
hypervisors are regarded as the most efficient and best-
performing hypervisors available for enterprise computing.
 Hypervisors that run directly on physical hardware are also
highly secure. Virtualization mitigates the risk of attacks that
target security flaws and vulnerabilities in OSes because each
guest has its own OS. This ensures an attack on a guest VM is
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 Type 2 hypervisors
 A Type 2 hypervisor is typically installed on top of an existing
OS. It is sometimes called a hosted hypervisor because it
relies on the host machine's preexisting OS to manage calls to
CPU, memory, storage and network resources.
 Type 2 hypervisors are generally not used for data center
computing and are reserved for client or end-user systems
(sometimes called client hypervisors) where performance and
security are lesser concerns. They also come at a lower cost
than Type 1 hypervisors and make an ideal test platform
compared to production virtualized environments or the cloud.
 IT organizations typically use Type 1 hypervisors to create
virtual desktops.
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 Hardware support
 Hardware acceleration technologies are widely available for
virtualization's tasks. Such technologies include Intel
Virtualization Technology extensions for Intel processors and
AMD Virtualization extensions for AMD processors.
 Both Type 1 and Type 2 hypervisors use hardware acceleration
support, but to varying degrees.
 Type 1 hypervisors rely on hardware acceleration technologies
and typically don't function without those technologies
available and enabled through the system's BIOS.
 Type 2 hypervisors are generally capable of using hardware
acceleration technologies if those features are available, but
they can typically fall back on software emulation in the
absence of native hardware support.
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 Type 1 hypervisor vendors

 Microsoft Hyper-V
 Oracle VM
 VMware vSphere
 Citrix Hypervisor
 KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine)
 Xen hypervisor

 Type 2 hypervisor vendors

 Oracle VM VirtualBox
 VMware Workstation Pro
 VMware Fusion
 QEMU (Quick Emulator)
 Parallels Desktop
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 Virtualization is technology that lets you create useful IT services

using resources that are traditionally bound to hardware. It
allows you to use a physical machine’s full capacity by
distributing its capabilities among many users or environments.
 Virtual computing refers to the use of a remote computer from a
local computer where the actual computer user is located
 Virtual computing makes one computer act and perform like
many computers. Through virtual computing providers, users can
download and use more than one operating system and perform
a multitude of functions at the same time through a single mouse
click and receive all the benefits of additional programs and
hardware without having to purchase or install them on their
own computer.
 Executives can check their company e-mail on the road, students
can take classes from home and managers can keep up with
documents stored on internal servers from anywhere in the
world.
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