Welcome

Students
to
GE
114
Mathematics
in the Modern
World
What to know? Grade Equivalent

Transmuted
Initial Grade Grade
- 5.00
70.00 4.00
75.00 3.00
77.00 2.75
79.00 2.50
82.00 2.25
84.00 2.00
87.00 1.75
90.00 1.50
93.00 1.25
97.00 1.00
 Written Works 30%
Quizzes, Activities,
Assignments

Grading Performance Tasks 40%

System Oral Recitation, Participation,

Projects

Exam 30%

Midterm & Final Exam

5 consecutive absences= DRP

 Dissemination of
Learning Materials
• Messenger
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and other related matters.
• Google Classroom
(Assignments, Activities, Quiz, Exam.
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 Module 1:
What is Mathematics?
Lesson 1: The Nature of
Mathematics
• …all about the unbelievable
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
patterns of numbers formed by
At the end of the lesson, the students will nature and of the universe
be able to:
• …all about language in different
 identify patterns and sequence in nature, forms like patterns, shapes,
 identify Fibonacci sequence in nature, music and so on..
 determine the nth term of Fibonacci
• …all about what our eyes can
sequence,
 use the golden ratio in appreciating
see, what our ears can hear and
mathematics in human anatomy,
even what we can perceive in
 show creative skills thru drawing the our physical environment
resemblance of patterns, golden ratio • It is a language we understand.
and Fibonacci sequence.
Where is Why is it important
Mathematics? to know?
• It puts disorder in order.
• It helps us become better
persons.
• It helps make the world a
better place to live in.

We see hints or clues of it in

nature!
Common notions associated
Patterns and Numbers in Nature
with mathematics:

Numbers Patterns are regular, repeated or

and counting
recurring forms or designs we see every
(operations)
single day, from the look and layout of
Numeric and Geometric
floor tiles, designs of buildings or malls,
patterns
and even to the way we tie our
Patterns of movement
shoelaces. Patterns indicate a sense of
structure or organization, that it would
seem only humans can produce these
intricate, creative and amazing
formations. It is from this perspective that
some people see an “intelligent design” in
the way that nature is created.
Snowflakes Honeycomb

Snowflakes are single ice crystals that often The honeycombs’ formation enables the bees’ colony
exhibit a six-fold symmetry. The temperature of the air to maximize their storage of honey using the smallest of
amount of wax. The bees instinctively choose the hexagonal
and humidity where the snowflake forms determine
shape because of the compactness of its structure and this
the type of snowflakes. (News from Mathnasium of
shape and formations are more optimal in making use of the
Littleton, 2016). This will tell us that no two available space. Marcus Terentius Varro, one of Rome’s
snowflakes are alike, hence, snowflakes are unique. greatest scholars, proposed that a construction made out of
The hexagonal structure and symmetry of the hexagon is more compact. The bees, indeed, are able to
snowflakes are the features that make them important find the best solution to store their honey, making them
objects for mathematicians. (Kayaspor, 2018). excellent mathematicians.
 Zebra’s Stripes and Cheetah’s Spots

Alan Turing, the famous code-breaker and

mathematician, puts the idea how patterns,
such as how stripes and spots are formed, in
his theory of activator-inhibitor model. It is the
chemical reaction and diffusion processes in
cells which determine these growth patterns.
The explanation to why some species grow
horizontal stripes while others grow vertical
Cheetah stripes was addressed by the latest studies.
The local patterns produced by the different
chemical processes will repeat given a larger
space like the fur of an animal. This is the logic
that the new model follows. (Aufmann,
et.al.,2018)

Zebra
 Flower Petals
The Sunflower
If you look closer at the sunflower, you will notice a
mathematical marvel in its definite pattern of spirals They display figures adorned with numbers of petals.
extending outside from the center, or its clockwise Looking at the flowers above, you will note that each
and counterclockwise arc. This is another species had different numbers of petals. Flowers like
presentation of nature working to optimize available the white calla lily with only one petal, euphorbia
spaces; a hidden mathematical rule of shaping life’s with two petals, trillium with three petals, columbine
pattern in nature. Maximizing the sunflower seeds’ with five petals, bloodroot with eight petals, blacked
access to light and needed nutrients is the main eyed susan with thirteen petals, shasta daisy with 21
reason why they occupy the flower head in such petals and the common daisies with thirty-four
arrangement (Aufmann et.al, 2018) petals. These numbers are all Fibonacci numbers.
About Fibonacci The Man

His real name was Leonardo Pisano

Bigollo, and he lived between 1170 and
1250 in Italy.
"Fibonacci" was his nickname, which
roughly means "Son of Bonacci".
As well as being famous for the Fibonacci
Sequence, he helped spread
Hindu-Arabic Numerals (like our present
numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
through Europe in place of
Roman Numerals (I, II, III, IV, V, etc). That
has saved us all a lot of trouble! Thank
you, Leonardo.
 Fibonacci Sequence The Rule

So, term number 6 is called x6 (which equals 8).

So, we can write the rule:

The next number is found by adding up the two The Rule is xn = xn−1 + xn−2
numbers before it:

•the 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it where:

(1+1), •xn is term number "n"
•the 3 is found by adding the two numbers before it •xn−1 is the previous term (n−1)
(1+2),
•the 5 is (2+3), •xn−2 is the term before that (n−2)
•and so on!
The Rule is xn = xn−1 + xn−2
•Let’s look into the pattern of Fibonacci
Sequence below.
•What is the 10th term? ___________ Term 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
•How did you solve the 10th term? (Fn)
_______________________________________
Term
_______________________
Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
•Can you describe the pattern of the Fibonacci
(n)
Sequence?
•______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________ Each number in the Fibonacci sequence is the sum of the two
________ number before it.
To get the 7th term which is 13, the fifth term
and the sixth term are added. So, 5 + 8 = 13.
•Find the 13th to 17th term of the Fibonacci
Sequence.
•13th term: ____________
•14th term: ____________
•15th term: ____________
•16th term: ____________
•17th term: ____________
Golden ratio
Golden ratio, also known as the golden
section, golden mean, or divine
proportion, in mathematics,
the irrational number (1 + Square root
of√5)/2, often denoted by the Greek
letter phi, which is approximately equal
to 1.618.
Makes A Spiral
When we make squares with those widths, we get a nice
spiral:
The answer comes out as a whole number, exactly
equal to the addition of the previous two terms.

Example: x6

x6 = (1.618034...)6 − (1−1.618034...)6
√5

When I used a calculator on this (only entering the

Do you see how the squares fit neatly together? Golden Ratio to 6 decimal places) I got the
For example, 5 and 8 make 13, 8 and 13 make answer 8.00000033 , a more accurate calculation
would be closer to 8.
21, and so on Try n=12 and see what you get.
 The ratio of a Fibonacci number to the Binet’s Formula
number before it in the sequence approaches
where n= nth term
the Golden Ratio. That is a mathematical fact
as well as any Fibonacci number can be Example:
represented by Binet’s Formula. It is a Find the 24th term:
general formula that incorporates the Golden
Ratio.

One may use the Binet’s Formula in

finding the nth term of a Fibonacci Sequence.
And, it may take you an hour to find the 24th
term of the Fibonacci Sequence.
You can also calculate a Fibonacci Number by
multiplying the previous Fibonacci Number by Find the following terms of the Fibonacci
the Golden Ratio and then rounding (works for Sequence using the calculator following the
numbers above 1):
Binet’s Formula.
Example:
8 × φ = 8 × 1.618034... = 12.94427... = a) 42th term: ____________________
13 (rounded) b) 53th term: ____________________
c) 62th term: ____________________

LESSON II:
NUMBERS AND
PATTERNS
A pattern may have list of numbers that are
useful to predict what came before or what
might come after a set of a numbers. This set of
numbers follows certain rules and with the
numbers arranged in a particular order. This
arrangement of numbers is called a sequence.
Each number in a sequence is called term.
 Example 1: ANALYSIS (Think – Quest)

Generating the next term Examples

in a pattern, the number
Write the next number in the sequence. Then,
to be added is
Repeating 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, write what the pattern is for that sequence
…
Increasing 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, … 1. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 _____________________
Decreasing 80, 70, 61, 53, 46, … 2. 4, 14, 24, 34, 44, 54, _________________
3. 52, 43, 34, 25, 16, 7, _________________
4. 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, ___, ___
5. 2, 13, 8, 19, 14, 25, ___, ____

Example 2: 6. 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, __________________

Pattern Rule Proof What Realization did you gain
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Add 1 1+1= 2+1=3+1=4+1=5 based on the lesson?
70, 55, 40, 25, Subtract 70-15=55-15=40-
10 15 15=25-15=10