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Introduction to Electronics - 1

The document provides an introduction to electronics, covering basic elements, laws, types of signals, and various sensors and modules. Key topics include the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, as well as specific sensors like ultrasonic, IR, PIR, touch, and smoke sensors. Additionally, it introduces basic modules such as relays, motor drivers, and Bluetooth modules, with a promise to discuss more components in future sessions.

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2 views

Introduction to Electronics - 1

The document provides an introduction to electronics, covering basic elements, laws, types of signals, and various sensors and modules. Key topics include the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, as well as specific sensors like ultrasonic, IR, PIR, touch, and smoke sensors. Additionally, it introduces basic modules such as relays, motor drivers, and Bluetooth modules, with a promise to discuss more components in future sessions.

Uploaded by

bapusivani7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Introduction

to
Electronics -
1
By Ajay Kumar
Agenda
01. Basics 02. Digital
Basic Elements
Electronics
Laws Types of Signals
Basic Elements Microprocessor vs
Microcontroller
Wires

03. Basic Sensors 04. Modules


Ultrasonics Moisture Sensor Relay Motor
IR & PIR Sensor Module Driver

Touch Sensor Bluetooth


Module
Smoke Sensor

2
Basics
Resistors

Capacitors

Inductors

3
Laws
1 Ohm’s Law: Current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to
the voltage across the two points.

2 Kirchhoff’s Law: Two equalities that deal with the current and potential difference in the
lumped element model of electrical circuits.

3 Coulomb’s Law: The magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction or


repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of
charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them .

4
Basic Elements

5
Active vs
Passive
Active Elements Passive Elements
• They Deliver power to the • They utilize the power or
circuit. energy generated in the
• They can control the flow of circuit.
current. • They cannot control the
flow of current.

6
Types of
Signals
• Analog Signal
• Digital Signal
• PWM Signal

7
PWM Signal

8
Microprocessor
vs Microcontroller

Built: MP is just a processor other components have to be added


externally. MC has all components on board.

Components: MP-memory and I/O devices are external so relatively slow.


MC - most of the operations are internal so relatively fast.

Power Consumption: MP has higher power consumption.


MC has lower power consumption.

9
10
Basic Sensors
Ultrasonic Sensor:
• An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that
measures the distance to an object using
ultrasonic sound waves.

• An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to


send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay
back information about an object’s proximity.

11
Working of
Ultrasonic Sensor
Distance = Sound speed x time taken
/2

• Sound travels through the air with


speed of 344m/s (1129ft/s) and this
speed is multiplied with the total time
(sending and receiving) of the sound
wave.

12
IR & PIR
Sensors
• Active infrared sensors both emit and
detect infrared radiation. Active IR
sensors have two parts: a light emitting
diode (LED) and a receiver. When an
object comes close to the sensor, the
infrared light from the LED reflects off
of the object and is detected by the
receiver.
• Passive infrared (PIR) sensors only
detect infrared radiation and do not
emit it from an LED. PIR sensors, such
as in-home security systems, are most
commonly used in motion-based
detection.
13
Touch Sensor

• A touch sensor is an electronic sensor


used in detecting and recording
physical touch.
• A touch sensor works like a switch,
where when there’s contact, touch, or
pressure on the surface of a touch
sensor, it opens up an electrical circuit
and allows currents to flow through it.

14
Smoke Sensor
• A semiconductor gas sensor is a device
that uses a semiconductor element as a
measuring unit.
• Its working principle is that the gas
undergoes a redox reaction on the
semiconductor, which causes the
resistance value to change.
• Gas levels are measured by causing a
change in conductivity or potential
characterized by carrier motion.

15
Moisture
Sensor

• Measures the moisture content present


in the soil.

• HOW?

16
More Sensors
• Temperature Sensor
• Humidity Sensor
• Tilt Sensor
• Pressure sensor
• Light Sensor
• Flex Sensor

17
Basic Modules
Relay
• A relay is an electrically operated switch
• Electromagnetic Relays. These relays are
constructed with electrical, mechanical
and magnetic components, and have
operating coil and mechanical contacts
• Other types of relays include, Solid State
uses solid state components to perform
the switching operation without moving
any parts.

18
Motor Driver
• A motor driver IC is an integrated circuit
chip which is usually used to control
motors in autonomous robots. Motor
driver ICs act as an interface between
microprocessors in robots and the
motors in the robot.

19
20
Bluetooth Module
HC-05 is a Bluetooth module which is
designed for wireless communication. This
module can be used in a master or slave
configuration.

21
Some other
modules
• GSM SIM 900A Module.
• GPS Module.
• ESP8266 WiFi Module.
• 4x4 and 4x3 Keypad Module.
• 8x2 and 16x2 LCD Display.
• I2C Module.

22
We’ll discuss these in
the next session
• Batteries.
• Switches.
• Motors.
• Communiction Protocols.
• Introduction to Microcontrollers.

23

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