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Computer_Basics

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including definitions, components, and the history of computers. It outlines the capabilities and characteristics of computers, as well as the evolution through different generations from mechanical calculators to fifth-generation technologies like artificial intelligence and quantum computing. Key topics include input/output processes, memory and storage, and the advancements in hardware and software over time.

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rishabhgndu2023
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3 views

Computer_Basics

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including definitions, components, and the history of computers. It outlines the capabilities and characteristics of computers, as well as the evolution through different generations from mechanical calculators to fifth-generation technologies like artificial intelligence and quantum computing. Key topics include input/output processes, memory and storage, and the advancements in hardware and software over time.

Uploaded by

rishabhgndu2023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

Introduction To Computers
• Definition:
• Its an electronic Device that is used for information Processing.
• Computer.. Latin word.. compute
• Calculation Machine
• A computer system includes a computer, peripheral devices, and software
Introduction To Computers
• Accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output
• Input refers to whatever is sent to a Computer system
• Data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas
• Processing is the way that a computer manipulates data
• A computer processes data in a device called the central
processing unit (CPU)
Introduction To Computers
• Memory is an area of a computer that holds data that is waiting to
be processed, stored, or output
• Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis
• Computer output is the result produced by the computer
• An output device displays, prints or transmits the results of
processing
Introduction To Computers
Introduction To Computers
Computer
Performs computations and makes logical decisions
Millions / billions times faster than human beings
Computer programs
Sets of instructions for which computer processes data
Hardware
Physical devices of computer system
Software
Programs that run on computers
• Definition:

• Introduction To Computer Software


• Operating system
• Problem solving Techniques
• Computer Prog ramming languages
• Computer Threats
Introduction To Computers
• Capabilities of Computers
• Huge Data Storage
• Input and Output
• Processing
Introduction To Computers
• Characteristics of Computers
• High Processing Speed
• Accuracy
• Reliability
• Versatility
• Diligence
Introduction To Computers
History Of Computers
•Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were made
with an abacus
Invented around 500BC, available in many
cultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan, Greece,
Rome, etc.)

•In 1642, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician,


physicist, philosopher) invented a mechanical
calculator called the Pascaline

•In 1671, Gottfried von Leibniz (German


mathematician, philosopher) extended the Pascaline to
do multiplications, divisions, square roots: the Stepped
Reckoner

None of these machines had memory, and they


required human intervention at each step
• In 1822 Charles Babbage (English mathematician, philosopher), sometimes called the “father of computing” built the Difference Engine

• Machine designed to automate the computation (tabulation) of polynomial functions (which are known to be good approximations of many useful functions)
– Based on the “method of finite difference”
– Implements some storage

• In 1833 Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, but he died before he could build it
– It was built after his death, powered by steam
Introduction To Computers
Generations of Computers
Introduction To Computers
• Generation of Computers
• First Generation (1946-59)
• Second Generation(1957-64)
• Third Generation(1965-70)
• Fourth Generation(1970-90)
• Fifth Generation(1990 till date)
Introduction To Computers
Generation 0: Mechanical Calculators
Generation 1: Vacuum Tube Computers
Generation 2: Transistor Computers
Generation 3: Integrated Circuits
Generation 4: Microprocessors
Introduction To Computers
First Second Third Fourth Gen.
Generation Gen. Gen.
Technology Vacuum Transistors Integrated Microchips
Tubes Circuits (millions of
(multiple transistors)
transistors)
Size Filled Whole Filled half a Smaller Tiny - Palm
Buildings room Pilot is as
powerful as
old building
sized
computer
Introduction To Computers
Some Pictures…..
Generation 1 : ENIAC
The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was unveiled in 1946:
the first all-electronic, general-purpose digital computer
The use of binary
In the 30s Claude Shannon (the father of “information theory”) had
proposed that the use of binary arithmetic and boolean logic should
be used with electronic circuits

The Von-Neumann architecture

CPU Memory

I/O
System
Generation 2: IBM7094
Generation 3: Integrated Circuits

Seymour Cray created the Cray Research


Corporation
Cray-1: $8.8 million, 160 million
instructions per seconds and 8 Mbytes of
memory
Generation 4: VLSI Improvements to IC technology made it
possible to integrate more and more transistors
in a single chip
SSI (Small Scale Integration): 10-100
MSI (Medium Scale Integration): 100-
1,000
LSI (Large Scale Integration): 1,000-
10,000
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration):
Microprocessors >10,000
Generation 5

• The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation,


VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)
technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having
ten million electronic components.

This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI


(Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in
computer science, which interprets the means and method of making
computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like
C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.
AI includes −
•Robotics
•Neural Networks
•Game Playing
•Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-life situations
•Natural language understanding and generation

The main features of fifth generation are −


•ULSI technology
•Development of true artificial intelligence
•Development of Natural language processing
•Advancement in Parallel Processing
•Advancement in Superconductor technology
•More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
•Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper
rates
Some computer types of this generation are −
•Desktop
•Laptop
•NoteBook
•UltraBook
•ChromeBook
Generation 5
•
Voice recognition
Artificial intelligence
Quantum computing
Bio computing
Nano technology
Learning
Natural languages

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