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Lesson 3 4.2

The document provides an overview of conditional sentences, detailing their structure, types (zero, first, second, third, and mixed conditionals), and their applications in research design. It also discusses various research methodologies, including descriptive, ethnographic, experimental, correlational, applied, and basic research, along with sampling methods. The document emphasizes the importance of hypotheses in research and the need for testable conditions.

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13 views20 pages

Lesson 3 4.2

The document provides an overview of conditional sentences, detailing their structure, types (zero, first, second, third, and mixed conditionals), and their applications in research design. It also discusses various research methodologies, including descriptive, ethnographic, experimental, correlational, applied, and basic research, along with sampling methods. The document emphasizes the importance of hypotheses in research and the need for testable conditions.

Uploaded by

ethanwaithane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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If-Then

Conditional Sentences
If-Then Statement
 is also called a conditional statement.
 a statement with a hypothesis followed by a conclusion.
The hypothesis is the first, or “if,” part of a conditional statement.
The conclusion is the second, or “then,” part of a conditional statement.

Identifying Hypotheses and Conclusions:


1. Bob will go to the store if Anne tells him what to buy.
2. If Anne tells Bob what to buy, then Bob will go to the store
3. I bring my umbrella when it is raining
4. If it is raining, then I bring my umbrella
5. If a shape is a triangle, then its angles add up to 180 degrees
Types of Conditional Sentences
1. Zero conditional sentences refer to the general truth about a situation.
These sentences state that one condition always results in the same outcome.
Example:
If I don’t turn on my air conditioner, my house is hot.
present tense
2. First conditional sentences are used to express situations in which the outcome is
likely (but not guaranteed) to happen in the future.
Example:
If you rest, you will feel better
simple present tense in the IF
Types of Conditional Sentences

3. Second conditional sentences express if clauses and results that are extremely
unlikely, such as those we “wish for.”
Example:
If I had control over the food sources, I would end world hunger.
simple past tense
Types of Conditional Sentences

4. Third conditional sentences - suggest that the result would be different had the past been
different.

Example: If you had told me you were hungry, I would have bought food for you.
The past perfect tense
5. Mixed type conditional sentences refer to something in the past but continuing into the
present; however, the past condition and the results are not real.

Example: If I had learned to ride sooner, I would be a top rodeo star by now
past perfect verb
In future studies there will be situations in which the results of your study or even
future studies are based on certain conditions. Your conclusions are based on
evidence, data, or theory.
You might present your conclusions as something has already happened, is currently
happening, or will happen at some point. This is where conditional sentence is a great
help.
The hypothesis should relate back to your original question and must be testable

Use a comma to separate the if clause from the main clause when the if clause comes
first
Types of Research Design

Descriptive Research Design Advantages-


 describes a population, situation, or
phenomenon that is being studied. • Less expensive, time consuming
 It focuses on answering the how, • Collect a large amount of notes
what, when, and where questions If for detailed studying.
a research problem, rather than the
why. Disadvantages-
 a descriptive design might employ a
wide range of research approaches. • Require more skills
the study design should be properly • Does not identify cause behind
constructed. the research.
Types of Research Design
Ethnographic Research
• involves investigation of a culture
through an in-depth study of Analytical Research
members of culture. • a specific type of research that
• It involves systematic collection, involves critical thinking skills and the
description, analysis of data for evaluation of facts and information
development of theories of cultural relative to the research being
behavior. conducted.
• studies that studies people, ethnic • people including students, doctors
group, ethnic formations and social and psychologists use analytical
welfare characteristics. It is done on research during studies to find the
the basis of observations, interviews, most relevant information
questionnaire and data collection.
Types of Research Design

Experimental Research Design Correlational Research Design

• experimentation is used in  investigates relationships between


quantitative research variables without the researcher
methodologies controlling or manipulating any of
• collects data to assist you in making them
better judgments.  A correlation reflects the strength
and/or direction of the relationship
between two (or more) variables.
Applied Research
 seek to solve various practical problems in the day to day life.
 It find answers or solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, develop innovative technologies

For example:

Improve agricultural crop production


Treat or cure specific disease
Basic Research
 It is called as Fundamental or Pure research.
 It Expands the person's knowledge.
 This type of research is not going to create or invent anything new.
For example:
How did universe begin?
What are protons?
Applied Research
 It seeks to solve practical problems.
 used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies,
rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake.

Fundamental Research
 Fundamental research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question.
 to expand man's knowledge, not to create or invent something
Example:
basic science investigations probe for answers
• How did the universe begin?
• How do slime molds reproduce?
Correlational Research
 The relationship among 2 or more variables without necessarily determining the cause and
effect is known as correlational research.
 identify relationships between variables

Example:
Correlation between smoking and cancer
Correlation of using gadgets in the study habits of Grade- 7 students
Experimental Research
 This study involves objective, systematic, controlled investigation for purpose of predicting
and controlling the phenomena. It also includes examining the probability and causality
among variables.
 the researcher can manipulate one (or more) variable(s),
 the independent variable, and study the effect on a dependent variable..

What are sampling methods?


 Sampling methods are ways to select a sample of data from a given population (every
individual in the whole group).
 It is unrealistic to collect data from the entire population
Types of probability sampling methods and non-probability sampling methods in collecting
data:
 Random sampling
 Stratified sampling
 Systematic sampling
 Non random sampling
1. Simple Random sampling
 In a simple random sample, every member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected.
 Sampling frame should include the whole population.

2. Systematic sampling
 Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling, it is usually slightly easier to conduct.
 Every member of the population is listed with a number
 Individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
3. Stratified sampling
 Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into sub-populations that may differ in
important ways.
 It allows to draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly
represented in the sample.

4. Cluster sampling
 Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population into sub-group
 Each sub-group should have similar characteristics to the whole sample.
 Randomly select entire subgroups.

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