GOOD AFTERNOON!

By: Jan Michael A. Fernandez

What is data analysis in
research?
▪ Research data analysis is a process used by researchers for reducing data
to a story and interpreting it to derive insights. (LeCompte and Schensul)

▪ Data Analysis is a messy, ambiguous, and time-consuming, but a creative

and fascinating process through which a mass of collected data is being
brought to order, structure and meaning. (Marshall and Rossman)

▪ The Purpose:
To answer the research questions and to help determine the trends and
relationships among variables.
Three essential things take place during the data analysis
process

Data Data Data

organization reduction analysis
What is data analysis in
research?
TYPES OF DATA

Qualitative data

Quantitative data

Categorical data
 Steps in Data Analysis
▪ Before Data Collection, the researcher should accomplish the following:
✔ Determine the method of data analysis
✔ Determine how to process the data
✔ Consult a statistician
✔ Prepare dummy tables
▪ After Data Collection:
✔ Process the data
✔ Prepare tables and graphs
✔ Analyze and interpret findings
✔ Consult again the statistician
✔ Prepare for editing
✔ Prepare for presentation
 Presentation of Data
▪ This refers to the organization of data into tables, graphs or charts, so
that logical and statistical conclusions can be derived from the
collected measurements.

▪ Data may be presented

in 3 Methods:
✔ Textual
✔ Tabular or
✔ Graphical
 Data Presentation
Tools
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
▪ The data gathered are presented in paragraph form
▪ Data are written and read.
▪ It is a combination of text and figures.
 Data Presentation
Tools
TABULAR PRESENTATION
▪ Method of presenting data
using the statistical table.
▪ A systematic organization
of data in columns and rows.
 Data Presentation
Tools
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
▪ A picture is said to be more effective than words for describing a
particular thing.
▪ A graphic presentation is the geometrical image of data.
▪ It enables us to think about a statistical problem in visual terms.
▪ It is an effective and economic device for the presentation,
understanding, and interpretation of the collected data.
 BAR GRAPH

Description: Column graphs typically have two axis, an x-axis

(horizontal) and y-axis (vertical). The x-axis is usually labeled with
the categories being compared. The y-axis is generally labeled with
the frequency, or value of each category.
Uses: Bar graphs are used to
highlight separate values,
especially the differences
between these values. They
are extremely useful for
comparing values in different
categories and can be used
to describe the relationship of
several variables at once.
 LINE GRAPH

Description: One of the most popular types of graphs, line graphs

has two axes. The horizontal (x-axis) is for the independent variable,
and the vertical axis (y-axis) is for the dependent variable. Points on
the graph are connected by lines, hence the name.

Uses: Line graphs are

typically used to show
how a value changes
over time,
though the independent
variable can really be
anything.
 PIE GRAPH

Description: Pie graphs, in their simplest form, are circles

subdivided into different colored areas.

Uses: Pie charts are

typically used to
summarize
categorical data, or
mostly percentile
value.
 RADAR CHART (SPIDER MAP)

Description: A radar graph is composed of a set of axis radiating from the

center. Each axis represents a different property or value. Each plot on the
radar graph consists of a point on each of the axis, which are usually
connected. Each plot is assigned with different color. If the area enclosed by the
lines is colored in, the shading is usually semi-transparent.

Uses: A Radar charts are very useful when

comparing performance/measurement
results from different sources. Obviously,
the greater the area covered by the plot, the
greater the overall value. Through
comparison and analysis, people can figure
out their current situation: improving or
falling behind.
 PICTOGRAPH

Description: Is a graph that shows numerical information by using

picture symbols or icon s to represent data sets. The advantage of
using a pictograph is that it is easy to read.

Uses: A pictograph uses picture

symbols to convey the meaning of
statistical information. Pictographs
should be used carefully because
the graphs may, either accidentally
or deliberately, misrepresent the
data. This is why a graph should
be visually accurate.
Presentation of Complex
Data
10 TIPS TO KEEP IN MIND TO HELP BREAK BIG DATA DOWN
1. Make a connection, not an impression.
2. Be strategic.
3. Get excited.
4. Tell stories.
5. Start with insights.
6. Be concise and specific.
7. Leave out the spreadsheets.
8. Make your visuals memorable.
9. Focus on trends and patterns.
10.Give practical advice and takeaways.
 Rules in Percentaging
Rule of three to calculate the percentage of a number
For example, we want to calculate 30% of 360.

30% means 30 for each 100. So the approach would be:

if I have 30 from 100, I have X from 360:
100 —— 30
360 —— X
X = (30 x 360) / 100
X = 108
So, 30% of 360 is 108.
 Rules in Percentaging
Rule of three to calculate a quantity knowing the percentage of it
For example, we know that 25% of a quantity is 49. What is the quantity?

If 25% is 49 then the 100%, which we do not

know, will be X :
25 —— 49
100 —— X
X = (49 x 100) / 25
X = 196
The quantity we are looking for is 196.
 Rules in Percentaging
Rule of three to calculate the percentage represented as a quantity of another
What percentage of 250 does 50 represent?

250 is the 100% and 50 is the percentage that

we do not know, X :
250 —— 100
50 —— X
X = (100 x 50) / 250
X = 20
50 is 20% of 250.
 Rules in Percentaging
Rule of three to calculate the percentage of an unknown quantity knowing another
percentage of the quantity
We know that 40% of a quantity is 78, how much would 60% be of the same quantity?

The 40% is 78 and we want to calculate 60%,

which will be X :
40 —— 78
60 —— X
X = (78 x 60) / 40
X = 117
So 60% of this quantity is 117.
 Lying with Statistics

How to Lie with Statistics?

Just for interest, we looked at some ways to deceive using
statistics. The little book, "How to Lie With Statistics" was written
about 1954. You can still get it today! It may be 50 years old, but
the funny business that Darrell Huff described in the 50's is still
going on today. The book is just as useful now as it was in 1954.
Everyone ought to read it. It's listed in the auxiliary reading page.
As part of your life education, read this neat little book. Keep it in
your library. A number of class members write their first book
reviews about it.
Lying with Statistics
o Deceptive Presentation (The deception is visual)
o Semiattached Numbers (A semiattached number is a
number which looks really interesting but actually is not as
relevant as it appears.)
o Digression About Elections (This is not normally a
problem, as the uncertainty amounts to a fraction of a
percent.)
o Distributions: Mean, Median, Mode
o Post Hoc Thinking (Correlation does not necessarily
mean causation)
o Extrapolation (An attempt to predict some phenomenon
that lies outside the basis of experience
 THANK YOU
&
MERRY CHRISTMAS!