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Lecture Philo Ethics Dimension

The document discusses the distinction between speculative and empirical thinking, the meaning of philosophy, and the definition of ethics. It explores various branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics, while also addressing concepts like existentialism and cultural relativism. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of moral decision-making, the sources of authority in ethics, and different theories regarding the self in moral valuation.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views41 pages

Lecture Philo Ethics Dimension

The document discusses the distinction between speculative and empirical thinking, the meaning of philosophy, and the definition of ethics. It explores various branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics, while also addressing concepts like existentialism and cultural relativism. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of moral decision-making, the sources of authority in ethics, and different theories regarding the self in moral valuation.

Uploaded by

richarddy81
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• At the end of the discussion, the students must be able to:

1.1. Distinguish the speculative from the empirical way of


thinking.
2.2. Acquaint themselves with the meaning of philosophy.
3.3. Define ethics.
• A nomad is a person with no settled home, moving from place to place
• as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock,
• or otherwise making a living. The word "nomad" comes ultimately
• from the classical Greek word νομάς (nomás, "roaming, wandering,
• especially to find pasture"), from Ancient Greek νομός (nomós, "pasture")
• Most nomadic groups follow a fixed annual or seasonal pattern
• of movements and settlements.
I. Pre-Philosophical Thinking

-origin of society

-Epic of Gilgames

Code of Hammurabi

-- mythological explanations of the world


Philosophy in not distinguish by question that it asks, but by
the method that it employs in answering those question.
(speculative and empirical way of thinking)

-Pre-Philosophic way of thinking characterized by appeal to


revelation as the only source of knowledge.

-and the workings of supernatural personalities as the


explanation of physical phenomena.
Application in our life:

Meaning of life

Student- struggle for life to become what we want.

transcendence

Realization of desire
II. Western Philosophy
What is Philosophy:
A. Nominal definition: etymologically from Greek word
Phila( love )and Sophia (wisdom)= love of wisdom

B. Real definition
What is Philosophy- is THE SCIENCE OF ALL THINGS BY THEIR
ULTIMATE CAUSES AND PRINCIPLE KNOWN BY THE LIGHT OF
NATURAL REASON ALONE.
A.What is Philosophy
1. SCIENCE

◼= INVESTIGATE
2. THINGS

◼= ARE BEING CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT


3. ULTIMATE

◼HIGHIEST PURPOSE = ENDS, GOAL


4. CAUSES

EX. TABLE

1. MATERIAL
2. FORMAL
3. EFFICIENT CAUSE
4. FINAL
5. PRINCIPLE
THEORIES, LAWS, RULES . EX. COVID QUARANTINE
6. REASON ALONE

◼= BY THE USE OF OUR ORDINARY REASON. EX. ST. TH


NATURAL LAW
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

◼Metaphysics= STUDY OF THE ULTIMATE NATURE


◼OF REALITY
◼Epistemology= STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE

◼Ethics = STUDY OF THE RIGHT AND WRONG AND GOO


◼ AND BAD
◼ = INCLUDES AESTHETICS AND POLITICS

◼LOGIC
Metaphysics

◼the branch of philosophy that deals with the


◼first principles of things, including abstract concepts
◼such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity,
◼time, and space:
Epistemology

= STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE

the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its m


validity, and scope.

Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes


justified belief from opinion.
Ethics

◼STUDY OF THE RIGHT AND WRONG AND GOOD AND B


◼ = INCLUDES AESTHETICS AND POLITICS
LOGIC

◼= STUDY OF THE GOOD AND BAD REASONING/ARGUM


◼Existentialism:

◼N.b.
◼Existentialism definition is - a chiefly 20th century phi
◼movement embracing diverse doctrines but centering
◼on analysis of individual existence in an unfathomable
◼and the plight of the individual who must assume ultim
◼ responsibility for acts of free will without any certain
◼ of what is right or wrong or good or bad.

◼Existentialism definition, a philosophical movement th
◼ the individual's unique position as a self-determining
◼ responsible for making meaningful, authentic choices
◼universe seen as purposeless or irrational: existential
◼ associated especially with Heidegger, Jaspers, Marce
◼and Sartre, and is opposed to philosophical
◼rationalism and empiricism.

Here we focus on our human existence in relation to what value we pursue in life in
relation to real value as good in itself. We will clarify it as there are overlapping value
that we can just ignore because it is there as part of our life.

Here we focus on our human existence in relation to what value we pursue in life in
relation to real value as good in itself. We will clarify it as there are overlapping value
that we can just ignore because it is there as part of our life.
•CLARIFICATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
• Recognizing the notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, are the primary concern
• of ethics. In order to start, it would be useful for us to clarify the following points.
•Kinds of Valuation
•Kinds of Valuation
•Our first point of clarification is to recognize that there are instances when we make value judgments
that are not considered to be part of ethics.
• For instance, I could say that this new movie I had just seen was a “good” one because
• I enjoyed it, or a song I had just heard on the radio was a “bad” one because it had an
•unpleasant tone, but these are not part of a discussion of ethics.
Kinds of Valuation

1. The word “aesthetics


2. etiquette,
3. “technique"
•*In ethics- certain gravity
• -They involve valuations that
•we make in a sphere of human actions, characterized by certain gravity and concern the
•human well-being or human life itself. Therefore, matters that concern life and death such
•as war, capital punishment, or abortion and matters that concern human well-being such as

•poverty, inequality, or sexual identity are often included in discussions of ethics.


Ethics and Morals
• ethics is acknowledged as an intellectual discipline belonging to philosophy.
• However, acceptable and unacceptable behaviors are also generally described as ethical and
unethical respectively.
• In addition, with regard to the acceptable and unacceptable ways of behaving in a given field, we
have the term “professional ethics” (e.g. legal ethics for the proper comportment of lawyers and
other people in the legal profession; medical ethics for doctors and nurses; and media ethics for
writers and reporters).
Descriptive and normative study

• -Descriptive study of ethics is on how people make their moral stand points without having any
judgement. this type usually work for social scientist.

• on the other hand, a normative study of ethics engages the question: “what could or should be
considered as the right way of acting?”

A normative discussion directs what we want to maintain as bases or standards for moral valuation.

• Always remember that a philosophical discussion of ethics engages in a critical consideration of


strengths and weaknesses of these theories.
Issue, Decision, Judgement, and Dilemma –

•A moral issue is a situation that calls for moral valuation. the term issue is often used to refer to
situations that can cause a debate.
• To make a moral decision, it is when we are placed in a situation and confronted by the choice of
• what to do. but when one is observing to make an assessment on the chosen behavior, the person
is making a moral judgement
•lastly, when we are on the matter of choosing right over wrong, or good over bad, and considering the
complicated situation wherein we feel torn on deciding, this is called moral dilemma.

• From a number of possible actions, and there are compelling ethical reasons for the various choices.

•A mother may be conflicted between wanting to feed her hungry child, but then recognizing that it
would be wrong for her to steal is an example of moral dilemma.

REASONING

•what reasons do we give to decide or to judge that a certain way of acting is either right or wrong?
•-A person’s fear of punishment or desire for reward can provide him a reason for acting in a certain
way.
•-But the question then would be: Is this reason good enough?
•-Why – bring as to higher level of thinking=principle
•- we can define principles as rationally established grounds by which one justifies and maintains her
moral decisions and judgements.
-A moral theory- Guidepost
• -A moral theory is a systematic attempt to establish the validity of maintaining certain moral
principles. Insofar as a theory is a system of thought or of ideas, it can also be ideas, and at the
same time, a structure though which we can evaluate our reasons for valuing a certain decision or
judgement
SOURCES OF AUTHORITY

• Several common ways of thinking about ethics are based on the idea that the standards of valuation
are imposed by a higher authority that commands our obedience in the following section, we will
explore 3 of such ideas: the authority of the law, the authority of one's religion and the authority of
one's culture

• 1. law
• 2. Religion
• 3. Culture
What is cultural relativism?

•What is cultural relativism?


• what is ethically acceptable or unacceptable is relative to, or that is to say, dependent on one’s
culture.
valuations
• -They involve valuations that
•we make in a sphere of human actions, characterized by certain gravity and concern the
•human well-being or human life itself. Therefore, matters that concern life and death such
•as war, capital punishment, or abortion and matters that concern human well-being such aspoverty,
inequality, or sexual identity are often included in discussions of ethics.
SENSES OF THE SELF
• *SENSES OF THE SELF. It is sometimes thought that one should not rely on any external authority
to tell oneself what the standards of moral valuation are, but should instead turn inwards. In this
section, we will look into three theories about ethics that center on the self:
• 1. Subjectivism,
• 2. Psychological egoism, and
• 3. Ethical egoism.
1.SUBJECTIVISM
•1.SUBJECTIVISM

•The starting point of subjectivism is the recognition that the individual thinking person (the subject)is
at the heart of all moral valuations. She is the one who is confronted. Ex I’ll say when it is right
2.PSYCHOLOGICAL EGOISM

•2.PSYCHOLOGICAL EGOISM
•psychological egoism, which is a theory that describes the underlying dynamic behind all human
actions.
• “Human beings are naturally self-centered, so all our actions are always already motivated by self-
interest.”
• psychological egoist can and will insist on his stand no matter how one might try to object.
3.Ethical Egoism-

•3.Ethical egoism-

•-prescribes that we should make our own ends, our own interests, as the single overriding concern.
We may act in a way that is beneficial to others, but we should do that only if it ultimately benefits us.

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